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Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive generation capabilities, but they suffer from hallucinations when solely relying on their internal knowledge, especially when answering questions that require less commonly known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wenting Zhao , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Yao Wan , Philip S. Yu , Shafiq Joty , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

LLMs operating in dynamic real-world contexts often encounter knowledge that evolves continuously or emerges incrementally. To remain accurate and effective, models must adapt to newly arriving information on the fly. We introduce Online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jiyeon Kim , Hyunji Lee , Dylan Zhou , Sue Hyun Park , Seunghyun Yoon , Trung Bui , Franck Dernoncourt , Sungmin Cha , Minjoon Seo

This paper introduces a novel, multi-source framework for the relational validation of Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing benchmarks have demonstrated LLMs' proficiency at factual recall, their ability to understand and reproduce…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Moses Boudourides

The visual world around us constantly evolves, from real-time news and social media trends to global infrastructure changes visible through satellite imagery and augmented reality enhancements. However, Multimodal Large Language Models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Mingyang Fu , Yuyang Peng , Dongping Chen , Zetong Zhou , Benlin Liu , Yao Wan , Zhou Zhao , Philip S. Yu , Ranjay Krishna

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with producing factually consistent answers due to limitations in their parametric memory. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigms mitigate this issue by incorporating external knowledge at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shanglin Wu , Lihui Liu , Jinho D. Choi , Kai Shu

When an LLM learns a new fact during finetuning (e.g., new movie releases, newly elected pope, etc.), where does this information go? Are entities enriched with relation information immediately, or do models recall information just-in-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Todd Nief , David Reber , Sean Richardson , Ari Holtzman

Many facts come with an expiration date, from the name of the President to the basketball team Lebron James plays for. But language models (LMs) are trained on snapshots of data collected at a specific moment in time, and this can limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Bhuwan Dhingra , Jeremy R. Cole , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Daniel Gillick , Jacob Eisenstein , William W. Cohen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly participate in human-AI interactions, evaluating their Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities - particularly their ability to track dynamic mental states - becomes crucial. While existing benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yang Xiao , Jiashuo Wang , Qiancheng Xu , Changhe Song , Chunpu Xu , Yi Cheng , Wenjie Li , Pengfei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) enable in-context learning (ICL) by conditioning on a few labeled training examples as a text-based prompt, eliminating the need for parameter updates and achieving competitive performance. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jianing Wang , Chengyu Wang , Chuanqi Tan , Jun Huang , Ming Gao

As real-world knowledge evolves, the information embedded within large language models (LLMs) can become outdated, inadequate, or erroneous. Model editing has emerged as a prominent approach for updating LLMs' knowledge with minimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Guoxiu He , Xin Song , Aixin Sun

Large language models (LLMs) often rely on outdated knowledge when answering time-sensitive questions, leading to confident yet incorrect responses. Without explicit signals indicating whether up-to-date information is required, models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Bhawna Piryani , Zehra Mert , Adam Jatowt

Prior works have shown that fine-tuning on new knowledge can induce factual hallucinations in large language models (LLMs), leading to incorrect outputs when evaluated on previously known information. However, the specific manifestations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Renfei Dang , Peng Hu , Zhejian Lai , Changjiang Gao , Min Zhang , Shujian Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing by encoding extensive human knowledge, but their utility relies on timely updates as knowledge evolves. Updating LLMs involves two key tasks simultaneously: unlearning to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Binchi Zhang , Zhengzhang Chen , Zaiyi Zheng , Jundong Li , Haifeng Chen

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle to provide up-to-date information due to their one-time training and the constantly evolving nature of the world. To keep LLMs current, existing approaches typically involve continued pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xiaoying Zhang , Baolin Peng , Ye Tian , Jingyan Zhou , Yipeng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Helen Meng

Previous literature has proved that Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) can store factual knowledge. However, we find that facts stored in the PLMs are not always correct. It motivates us to explore a fundamental question: How do we calibrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Qingxiu Dong , Damai Dai , Yifan Song , Jingjing Xu , Zhifang Sui , Lei Li

The vast amount of online information today poses challenges for non-English speakers, as much of it is concentrated in high-resource languages such as English and French. Wikipedia reflects this imbalance, with content in low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Siddharth Khincha , Tushar Kataria , Ankita Anand , Dan Roth , Vivek Gupta

Climate change poses grave challenges, demanding widespread understanding and low-carbon lifestyle awareness. Large language models (LLMs) offer a powerful tool to address this crisis, yet comprehensive evaluations of their climate-crisis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Hongyin Zhu , Prayag Tiwari

Although large language models (LLMs) are impressive in solving various tasks, they can quickly be outdated after deployment. Maintaining their up-to-date status is a pressing concern in the current era. This paper provides a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Zihan Zhang , Meng Fang , Ling Chen , Mohammad-Reza Namazi-Rad , Jun Wang

One of the major aspects contributing to the striking performance of large language models (LLMs) is the vast amount of factual knowledge accumulated during pre-training. Yet, many LLMs suffer from self-inconsistency, which raises doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Anastasiia Sedova , Robert Litschko , Diego Frassinelli , Benjamin Roth , Barbara Plank

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text token-by-token in discrete time, yet real-world communication, from therapy sessions to business negotiations, critically depends on continuous time constraints. Current LLM architectures and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Neil K. R. Sehgal , Sharath Chandra Guntuku , Lyle Ungar
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