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Randomized benchmarking is a widely used experimental technique to characterize the average error of quantum operations. Benchmarking procedures that scale to enable characterization of $n$-qubit circuits rely on efficient procedures for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-20 Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Lev S. Bishop , John A. Smolin , Jay M. Gambetta

In quantum computation the target fidelity of the qubit gates is very high, with the admissible error being in the range from $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-4}$ and even less, depending on the protocol. The direct experimental determination of such an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-22 Nikolay V. Vitanov

With the continued scaling of quantum processors, holistic benchmarks are essential for extensively evaluating device performance. Layer fidelity is a benchmark well-suited to assessing processor performance at scale. Key advantages of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Maria Jose Lozano Palacio , Hasan Nayfeh , Matthew Ware , David C. McKay

Typical quantum gate tomography protocols struggle with a self-consistency problem: the gate operation cannot be reconstructed without knowledge of the initial state and final measurement, but such knowledge cannot be obtained without…

We present verification protocols to gain confidence in the correct performance of the realization of an arbitrary universal quantum computation. The derivation of the protocols is based on the fact that matchgate computations, which are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-11 Jose Carrasco , Marc Langer , Antoine Neven , Barbara Kraus

We explore the implementation of pseudo-random single-qubit rotations and multi-qubit pseudo-random circuits constructed only from Clifford gates and the T-gate, a phase rotation of pi/4. Such a gate set would be appropriate for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 Yaakov S. Weinstein

We use electronic microwave control methods to implement addressed single-qubit gates with high speed and fidelity, for $^{43}\text{Ca}^{+}$ hyperfine "atomic clock" qubits in a cryogenic (100K) surface trap. For a single qubit, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-21 A. D. Leu , M. F. Gely , M. A. Weber , M. C. Smith , D. P. Nadlinger , D. M. Lucas

Quantum circuit equivalence checking asks whether two circuits implement the same unitary. It guarantees compiler correctness and safe optimization, yet most existing approaches scale exponentially with the number of qubits or the circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Daisuke Sakamoto , Soshun Naito , Yusei Mori , Kosuke Mitarai

We characterize single qubit Clifford gate operations with randomized benchmarking in a 2D array of neutral atom qubits, and demonstrate global and site selected gates with high fidelity. An average fidelity of $F^2=0.9983(14)$ is measured…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-26 T. Xia , M. Lichtman , K. Maller , A. W. Carr , M. J. Piotrowicz , L. Isenhower , M. Saffman

Superconducting transmon qubits comprise one of the most promising platforms for quantum information processing due to their long coherence times and to their scalability into larger qubit networks. However, their weakly anharmonic spectrum…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-08-02 Xiu-Hao Deng , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

The conventional circuit paradigm, utilizing a limited number of gates to construct arbitrary quantum circuits, is hindered by significant noise overhead. For instance, the standard gate paradigm employs two CNOT gates for the partial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jader P. Santos , Ben Bar , Raam Uzdin

Block-encodings have become one of the most common oracle assumptions in the circuit model. I present an algorithm that uses von Neumann's measurement procedure to measure a phase, using time evolution on a block-encoded Hamiltonian as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 S. E. Skelton

Classical simulation of noisy quantum circuits is essential for understanding quantum computing experiments. It enables scalable error characterization, analysis of how noise impacts quantum algorithms, and optimized implementations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Ashe Miller , Corey Ostrove , Jordan Hines , Robin Blume-Kohout , Kevin Young , Timothy Proctor

The accurate implementation of quantum gates is essential for the realisation of quantum algorithms and digital quantum simulations. This accuracy may be increased on noisy hardware through the variational optimisation of gates, however the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Sean Greenaway , Frédéric Sauvage , Kiran E. Khosla , Florian Mintert

Quantum Entanglement is a fundamentally important resource in Quantum Information Science; however, generating it in practice is plagued by noise and decoherence, limiting its utility. Entanglement distillation and forward error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-14 Vaishnavi L. Addala , Shu Ge , Stefan Krastanov

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

As quantum devices make steady progress towards intermediate scale and fault-tolerant quantum computing, it is essential to develop rigorous and efficient measurement protocols that account for known sources of noise. Most existing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-22 M. J. Gullans , M. Caranti , A. R. Mills , J. R. Petta

In this paper, we analyze the performance of randomized benchmarking protocols on gate sets under a variety of realistic error models that include systematic rotations, amplitude damping, leakage to higher levels, and 1/f noise. We find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-08 Jeffrey M. Epstein , Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Jay M. Gambetta

Superconducting qubit parameters drift on sub-second timescales, motivating calibration and benchmarking techniques that can be executed on millisecond timescales. We demonstrate an on-FPGA workflow that co-locates pulse generation, data…

Matchgates and Clifford circuits are two types of quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically, though the underlying reasons are quite different. Matchgates are essentially the single particle basis transformations in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Jiale Huang , Xiangjian Qian , Zhendong Li , Mingpu Qin