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Minimizing energy consumption of low-power wireless nodes is a persistent challenge from the constrained Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we start from the observation that constrained IoT devices have largely different hardware…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Michel Rottleuthner , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch

On-device inference holds great potential for increased energy efficiency, responsiveness, and privacy in edge ML systems. However, due to less capable ML models that can be embedded in resource-limited devices, use cases are limited to…

The field of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has gained significant attention due to its potential to enable intelligent applications on resource-constrained devices. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the advancements in efficient…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-21 Minh Tri Lê , Pierre Wolinski , Julyan Arbel

With the surge of inexpensive computational and memory resources, neural networks (NNs) have experienced an unprecedented growth in architectural and computational complexity. Introducing NNs to resource-constrained devices enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Lennart Heim , Andreas Biri , Zhongnan Qu , Lothar Thiele

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices enhances privacy but faces performance hurdles due to limited resources. We introduce a systematic methodology to evaluate on-device LLMs, balancing capability, efficiency, and resource…

Running machine learning inference on tiny devices, known as TinyML, is an emerging research area. This task requires generating inference code that uses memory frugally, a task that standard ML frameworks are ill-suited for. A deployment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Shikhar Jaiswal , Rahul Kiran Kranti Goli , Aayan Kumar , Vivek Seshadri , Rahul Sharma

Small devices are frequently used in IoT and smart-city applications to perform periodic dedicated tasks with soft deadlines. This work focuses on developing methods to derive efficient power-management methods for periodic tasks on small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Ti Zhou , Man Lin

The field of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has made substantial advancements in democratizing machine learning on low-footprint devices, such as microcontrollers. The prevalence of these miniature devices raises the question of whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Haoyu Ren , Xue Li , Darko Anicic , Thomas A. Runkler

This paper presents PICO-TINYML-BENCHMARK, a modular and platform-agnostic framework for benchmarking the real-time performance of TinyML models on resource-constrained embedded systems. Evaluating key metrics such as inference latency, CPU…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Abhishek Dey , Saurabh Srivastava , Gaurav Singh , Robert G. Pettit

On-device learning allows AI models to adapt to user data, thereby enhancing service quality on edge platforms. However, training AI on resource-limited devices poses significant challenges due to the demanding computing workload and the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Sai Qian Zhang , Thierry Tambe , Nestor Cuevas , Gu-Yeon Wei , David Brooks

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) systems, which enable machine learning inference on highly resource-constrained devices, are transforming edge computing but encounter unique security challenges. These devices, restricted by RAM and CPU…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jacob Huckelberry , Yuke Zhang , Allison Sansone , James Mickens , Peter A. Beerel , Vijay Janapa Reddi

The predominant paradigm for using machine learning models on a device is to train a model in the cloud and perform inference using the trained model on the device. However, with increasing number of smart devices and improved hardware,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Sauptik Dhar , Junyao Guo , Jiayi Liu , Samarth Tripathi , Unmesh Kurup , Mohak Shah

Recent breakthrough technological progressions of powerful mobile computing resources such as low-cost mobile GPUs along with cutting-edge, open-source software architectures have enabled high-performance deep learning on mobile platforms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 G. Dumindu Samaraweera , Hung Nguyen , Hadi Zanddizari , Behnam Zeinali , J. Morris Chang

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly evolving based on low-power compliant protocol standards that extend the Internet into the embedded world. Pioneering implementations have proven it is feasible to inter-network very constrained…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Martine Lenders , Peter Kietzmann , Oliver Hahm , Hauke Petersen , Cenk Gündoğan , Emmanuel Baccelli , Kaspar Schleiser , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch

A critical challenge is to enable IoT application development with minimal effort from various stakeholders involved in the development process. Several approaches to tacking this challenge have been proposed in the fields of wireless…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Pankesh Patel , Tie Luo , Umesh Bellur

Training deep learning models on mobile devices recently becomes possible, because of increasing computation power on mobile hardware and the advantages of enabling high user experiences. Most of the existing work on machine learning at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Jie Liu , Jiawen Liu , Wan Du , Dong Li

Machine learning models deployed on edge devices have enabled numerous exciting new applications, such as humanoid robots, AR glasses, and autonomous vehicles. However, the computing resources available on these edge devices are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Jinjie Liu , Hang Qiu

As technology and communication advances, more devices (and things) are able to connect to the Internet and talk to each other to achieve a common goal which results in the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) era. It is believed that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Yousef Abuseta

Malware intrusion is problematic for Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) devices as they often reside in an ecosystem of connected devices, such as a smart home. If any devices are infected, the whole…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Felicia Lo , Shin-Ming Cheng , Rafael Kaliski

Over the past decade, the dominance of deep learning has prevailed across various domains of artificial intelligence, including natural language processing, computer vision, and biomedical signal processing. While there have been remarkable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Hou-I Liu , Marco Galindo , Hongxia Xie , Lai-Kuan Wong , Hong-Han Shuai , Yung-Hui Li , Wen-Huang Cheng