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Counterspeech has gained attention as a strategy to reduce hate speech on social media. Although previous studies suggest that counterspeech can reduce hate speech, little is known about its effects on participation in online hate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Daniel Hickey , Matheus Schmitz , Daniel M. T. Fessler , Paul E. Smaldino , Kristina Lerman , Goran Murić , Keith Burghardt

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

Social media platforms are often blamed for exacerbating political polarization and worsening public dialogue. Many claim that hyperpartisan users post pernicious content, slanted to their political views, inciting contentious and toxic…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Hans W. A. Hanley , Zakir Durumeric

In the digital age, hate speech poses a threat to the functioning of social media platforms as spaces for public discourse. Top-down approaches to moderate hate speech encounter difficulties due to conflicts with freedom of expression and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jana Lasser , Alina Herderich , Joshua Garland , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , David Garcia , Mirta Galesic

The rise of misinformation and fake news in online political discourse poses significant challenges to democratic processes and public engagement. While debunking efforts aim to counteract misinformation and foster fact-based dialogue,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Wentao Xu , Wenlu Fan , Shiqian Lu , Tenghao Li , Bin Wang

Dark personality traits have long been associated with antisocial and toxic online behaviors, yet their relationship with observable online activity remains unclear. We investigate the association between validated dark personality…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Aldo Cerulli , Benedetta Tessa , Giuseppe La Selva , Oronzo Mazzeo , Lorenzo Cima , Lucia Monacis , Stefano Cresci

The spectacular expansion of the Internet has led to the development of a new research problem in the field of natural language processing: automatic toxic comment detection, since many countries prohibit hate speech in public media. There…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ashwin Geet D'Sa , Irina Illina , Dominique Fohr

Online platforms have become an increasingly prominent means of communication. Despite the obvious benefits to the expanded distribution of content, the last decade has resulted in disturbing toxic communication, such as cyberbullying and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Amit Sheth , Valerie L. Shalin , Ugur Kursuncu

The abstract outlines the problem of toxic comments on social media platforms, where individuals use disrespectful, abusive, and unreasonable language that can drive users away from discussions. This behavior is referred to as anti-social…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 K. Poojitha , A. Sai Charish , M. Arun Kuamr Reddy , S. Ayyasamy

The relationship between crime and the media has long been a focal point of academic research, with traditional media playing a significant role in shaping public perceptions of safety and community well-being. However, the advent of social…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Deepit Sapru

Toxicity is an increasingly common and severe issue in online spaces. Consequently, a rich line of machine learning research over the past decade has focused on computationally detecting and mitigating online toxicity. These efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Wenbo Zhang , Hangzhi Guo , Ian D Kivlichan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Davis Yadav , Amulya Yadav

Cyberbullying and online harassment have serious negative psychological and emotional consequences for the victims, such as decreased life satisfaction, suicidal ideation, self-harming behaviors, depression, anxiety, and others. Most of the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Ana Aleksandric , Hanani Pankaj , Gabriela Mustata Wilson , Shirin Nilizadeh

Moderation is crucial to promoting healthy on-line discussions. Although several `toxicity' detection datasets and models have been published, most of them ignore the context of the posts, implicitly assuming that comments maybe judged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 John Pavlopoulos , Jeffrey Sorensen , Lucas Dixon , Nithum Thain , Ion Androutsopoulos

Counterspeech can be an effective method for battling hateful content on social media. Automated counterspeech generation can aid in this process. Generated counterspeech, however, can be viable only when grounded in the context of topic,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Sabit Hassan , Malihe Alikhani

Online debates are often characterised by extreme polarisation and heated discussions among users. The presence of hate speech online is becoming increasingly problematic, making necessary the development of appropriate countermeasures. In…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Matteo Cinelli , Andraž Pelicon , Igor Mozetič , Walter Quattrociocchi , Petra Kralj Novak , Fabiana Zollo

User posts whose perceived toxicity depends on the conversational context are rare in current toxicity detection datasets. Hence, toxicity detectors trained on existing datasets will also tend to disregard context, making the detection of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Alexandros Xenos , John Pavlopoulos , Ion Androutsopoulos , Lucas Dixon , Jeffrey Sorensen , Leo Laugier

The emergence of toxic information on social networking sites, such as Twitter, Parler, and Reddit, has become a growing concern. Consequently, this study aims to assess the level of toxicity in COVID-19 discussions on Twitter, Parler, and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Nahiyan Bin Noor , Niloofar Yousefi , Billy Spann , Nitin Agarwal

Dialogue models trained on human conversations inadvertently learn to generate toxic responses. In addition to producing explicitly offensive utterances, these models can also implicitly insult a group or individual by aligning themselves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Ashutosh Baheti , Maarten Sap , Alan Ritter , Mark Riedl

On social media platforms, hateful and offensive language negatively impact the mental well-being of users and the participation of people from diverse backgrounds. Automatic methods to detect offensive language have largely relied on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Rishav Hada , Sohi Sudhir , Pushkar Mishra , Helen Yannakoudakis , Saif M. Mohammad , Ekaterina Shutova

The Web has become the main source for news acquisition. At the same time, news discussion has become more social: users can post comments on news articles or discuss news articles on other platforms like Reddit. These features empower and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Savvas Zannettou , Mai ElSherief , Elizabeth Belding , Shirin Nilizadeh , Gianluca Stringhini