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Reading code is an essential activity in software maintenance and evolution. Several studies with human subjects have investigated how different factors, such as the employed programming constructs and naming conventions, can impact code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Delano Oliveira , Reydne Bruno , Fernanda Madeiral , Fernando Castor

Reading is a complex process which requires proper understanding of texts in order to create coherent mental representations. However, comprehension problems may arise due to hard-to-understand sections, which can prove troublesome for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 George-Eduard Zaharia , Dumitru-Clementin Cercel , Mihai Dascalu

We study regular expressions that use variables, or parameters, which are interpreted as alphabet letters. We consider two classes of languages denoted by such expressions: under the possibility semantics, a word belongs to the language if…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Pablo Barceló , Leonid Libkin , Juan Reutter

This paper revisits the problem of complex word identification (CWI) following up the SemEval CWI shared task. We use ensemble classifiers to investigate how well computational methods can discriminate between complex and non-complex words.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Marcos Zampieri , Shervin Malmasi , Gustavo Paetzold , Lucia Specia

Teaching logic effectively requires an understanding of the factors which cause logic students to struggle. Formalization exercises, which require the student to produce a formula corresponding to the natural language sentence, are a good…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Alexandra Mayn , Kees van Deemter

Despite their success in speech processing, neural networks often operate as black boxes, prompting the question: what informs their decisions, and how can we interpret them? This work examines this issue in the context of lexical stress. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Itai Allouche , Itay Asael , Rotem Rousso , Vered Dassa , Ann Bradlow , Seung-Eun Kim , Matthew Goldrick , Joseph Keshet

This paper presents the first attempt, up to our knowledge, to classify English writing styles on this scale with the challenge of classifying day to day language written by writers with different backgrounds covering various areas of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-26 Yanging Chen , Rami Al-Rfou' , Yejin Choi

What makes some types of languages more probable than others? For instance, we know that almost all spoken languages contain the vowel phoneme /i/; why should that be? The field of linguistic typology seeks to answer these questions and,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Ryan Cotterell , Jason Eisner

Vocabulary use is a fundamental aspect of second language (L2) proficiency. To date, its assessment by automated systems has typically examined the context-independent, or part-of-speech (PoS) related use of words. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Stefano Bannò , Kate Knill , Mark Gales

Lexical Simplification (LS) methods use a three-step pipeline: complex word identification, substitute generation, and substitute ranking, each with separate evaluation datasets. We found large language models (LLMs) can simplify sentences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jipeng Qiang , Minjiang Huang , Yi Zhu , Yunhao Yuan , Chaowei Zhang , Xiaoye Ouyang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unprecedented performance on many complex tasks, being able, for example, to answer questions on almost any topic. However, they struggle with other simple tasks, such as counting the occurrences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Tairan Fu , Raquel Ferrando , Javier Conde , Carlos Arriaga , Pedro Reviriego

Multiple studies have probed representations emerging in neural networks trained for end-to-end NLP tasks and examined what word-level linguistic information may be encoded in the representations. In classical probing, a classifier is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Rudolf Rosa , Tomáš Musil , David Mareček

A key subtask in lexical substitution is ranking the given candidate words. A common approach is to replace the target word with a candidate in the original sentence and feed the modified sentence into a model to capture semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhongyang Hu , Naijie Gu , Xiangzhi Tao , Tianhui Gu , Yibing Zhou

This paper describes a hybrid system for WSD, presented to the English all-words and lexical-sample tasks, that relies on two different unsupervised approaches. The first one selects the senses according to mutual information proximity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2009-10-29 David Fernandez-Amoros

Large language models (LLMs) are being explored for diagnostic decision support, yet their ability to estimate pre-test probabilities, vital for clinical decision-making, remains limited. This study evaluates two LLMs, Mistral-7B and…

In this paper we explore a new hierarchy of classes of languages and infinite words and its connection with complexity classes. Namely, we say that a language belongs to the class $L_k$ if it is a subset of the catenation of $k$ languages…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-17 J. Cassaigne , A. E. Frid , S. Puzynina , L. Q. Zamboni

The explanations of large language models have recently been shown to be sensitive to the randomness used for their training, creating a need to characterize this sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a characterization that questions the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Jeremie Bogaert , Francois-Xavier Standaert

Prompt-based classifiers are an attractive approach for zero-shot classification. However, the precise choice of the prompt template and label words can largely influence performance, with semantically equivalent settings often showing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Adian Liusie , Potsawee Manakul , Mark J. F. Gales

Measuring the salience of a word is an essential step in numerous NLP tasks. Heuristic approaches such as tfidf have been used so far to estimate the salience of words. We propose \emph{Neural Word Salience} (NWS) scores, unlike heuristics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-06 Krasen Samardzhiev , Andrew Gargett , Danushka Bollegala

In this paper I propose a new way of measuring linguistic productivity that objectively assesses the ability of an affix to be used to coin new complex words and, unlike other popular measures, is not directly dependent upon token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Sergei Monakhov