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There are strong incentives to build models that demonstrate outstanding predictive performance on various datasets and benchmarks. We believe these incentives risk a narrow focus on models and on the performance metrics used to evaluate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 David Lovell , Dimity Miller , Jaiden Capra , Andrew Bradley

Model evaluation is of crucial importance in modern statistics application. The construction of ROC and calculation of AUC have been widely used for binary classification evaluation. Recent research generalizing the ROC/AUC analysis to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-23 Liang Wang , Luis Carvalho

The Pearson-Matthews correlation coefficient (usually abbreviated MCC) is considered to be one of the most useful metrics for the performance of a binary classification or hypothesis testing method (for the sake of conciseness we will use…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-11 Petre Stoica , Prabhu Babu

Methods to correct class imbalance, i.e. imbalance between the frequency of outcome events and non-events, are receiving increasing interest for developing prediction models. We examined the effect of imbalance correction on the performance…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-21 Ruben van den Goorbergh , Maarten van Smeden , Dirk Timmerman , Ben Van Calster

Machine learning models deployed in real-world applications are often evaluated with precision-based metrics such as F1-score or AUC-PR (Area Under the Curve of Precision Recall). Heavily dependent on the class prior, such metrics make it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Wissam Siblini , Jordan Fréry , Liyun He-Guelton , Frédéric Oblé , Yi-Qing Wang

The multi-class prediction had gained popularity over recent years. Thus measuring fit goodness becomes a cardinal question that researchers often have to deal with. Several metrics are commonly used for this task. However, when one has to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Uri Itai , Natan Katz

Objective: ML-based clinical risk prediction models are increasingly used to support decision-making in healthcare. While class-imbalance correction techniques are commonly applied to improve model performance in settings with rare…

In this paper, we study how class imbalance, typical of low-default credit portfolios, affects the performance of logistic regression models. Using a simulation study with controlled data-generating mechanisms, we vary (i) the level of…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-24 Willem D. Schutte , Charl Pretorius , Neill Smit , Leandra van der Merwe , Robert Maxwell

In most machine learning applications, classification accuracy is not the primary metric of interest. Binary classifiers which face class imbalance are often evaluated by the $F_\beta$ score, area under the precision-recall curve, Precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Alan Mackey , Xiyang Luo , Elad Eban

Class-level evaluation can conceal substantial performance disparities across subconcepts within the same class, causing models that perform well on average to fail on specific subpopulations. Prior work has shown that common evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Taylor Maxson , Roberto Corizzo , Yaning Wu , Nathalie Japkowicz , Colin Bellinger

Society is increasingly relying on predictive models in fields like criminal justice, credit risk management, or hiring. To prevent such automated systems from discriminating against people belonging to certain groups, fairness measures…

Medical events of interest, such as mortality, often happen at a low rate in electronic medical records, as most admitted patients survive. Training models with this imbalance rate (class density discrepancy) may lead to suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Zepeng Huo , Xiaoning Qian , Shuai Huang , Zhangyang Wang , Bobak J. Mortazavi

Assessing the performance of a learned model is a crucial part of machine learning. However, in some domains only positive and unlabeled examples are available, which prohibits the use of most standard evaluation metrics. We propose an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-12-31 Marc Claesen , Jesse Davis , Frank De Smet , Bart De Moor

When dealing with imbalanced classification data, reweighting the loss function is a standard procedure allowing to equilibrate between the true positive and true negative rates within the risk measure. Despite significant theoretical work…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-17 Anass Aghbalou , François Portier , Anne Sabourin

In many classification settings, the class of primary interest is underrepresented, leading to imbalanced data problems that arise in applications such as rare disease detection and fraud identification. In these contexts, identifying a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Daniel Fraiman , Ricardo Fraiman

We provide a general theoretical analysis of expected out-of-sample utility, also referred to as decision-theoretic classification, for non-decomposable binary classification metrics such as F-measure and Jaccard coefficient. Our key result…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-08 Nagarajan Natarajan , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Pradeep Ravikumar , Inderjit S. Dhillon

For research to go in the right direction, it is essential to be able to compare and quantify performance of different algorithms focused on the same problem. Choosing a suitable evaluation metric requires deep understanding of the pursued…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-05 Jan Brabec , Lukas Machlica

The performance of a binary classifier is described by a confusion matrix with four entries: the number of true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN). The Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jon Crall

In imbalanced multi-class classification problems, the misclassification rate as an error measure may not be a relevant choice. Several methods have been developed where the performance measure retained richer information than the mere…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-05 Sokol Koço , Cécile Capponi

The assessment of binary classifier performance traditionally centers on discriminative ability using metrics, such as accuracy. However, these metrics often disregard the model's inherent uncertainty, especially when dealing with sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Agathe Fernandes Machado , Arthur Charpentier , Emmanuel Flachaire , Ewen Gallic , François Hu