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Recent works have shown the benefits to LLMs from fine-tuning golden-standard Chain-of-Thought (CoT) rationales or using them as correct examples in few-shot prompting. While humans can indeed imitate correct examples, learning from our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yongqi Tong , Dawei Li , Sizhe Wang , Yujia Wang , Fei Teng , Jingbo Shang

Studies have underscored how, regardless of the recent breakthrough and swift advances in AI research, even state-of-the-art Large Language models (LLMs) continue to struggle when performing logical and mathematical reasoning. The results…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Federico Castagna , Isabel Sassoon , Simon Parsons

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in mathematical theorem proving, particularly when utilizing formal languages such as LEAN. A prevalent proof method involves the LLM prover iteratively constructing the proof…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zijian Wu , Suozhi Huang , Zhejian Zhou , Huaiyuan Ying , Zheng Yuan , Wenwei Zhang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Trial-to-trial effects have been found in a number of studies, indicating that processing a stimulus influences responses in subsequent trials. A special case are priming effects which have been modelled successfully with error-driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Maria Heitmeier , Yu-Ying Chuang , R. Harald Baayen

A major challenge in applying machine learning to automated theorem proving is the scarcity of training data, which is a key ingredient in training successful deep learning models. To tackle this problem, we propose an approach that relies…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Eser Aygün , Zafarali Ahmed , Ankit Anand , Vlad Firoiu , Xavier Glorot , Laurent Orseau , Doina Precup , Shibl Mourad

Traditional automated theorem provers for first-order logic depend on speed-optimized search and many handcrafted heuristics that are designed to work best over a wide range of domains. Machine learning approaches in literature either…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Eser Aygün , Laurent Orseau , Ankit Anand , Xavier Glorot , Vlad Firoiu , Lei M. Zhang , Doina Precup , Shibl Mourad

Leveraging inference-time search in large language models has proven effective in further enhancing a trained model's capability to solve complex mathematical and reasoning problems. However, this approach significantly increases…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tianwei Ni , Allen Nie , Sapana Chaudhary , Yao Liu , Huzefa Rangwala , Rasool Fakoor

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capability in solving mathematical problems. However, existing approaches primarily focus on improving the quality of correct training data, e.g., distilling high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhuoshi Pan , Yu Li , Honglin Lin , Qizhi Pei , Zinan Tang , Wei Wu , Chenlin Ming , H. Vicky Zhao , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

The problem-solving in automated theorem proving (ATP) can be interpreted as a search problem where the prover constructs a proof tree step by step. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for proof search in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Mitsuru Kusumoto , Keisuke Yahata , Masahiro Sakai

We present a reinforcement learning (RL) based guidance system for automated theorem proving geared towards Finding Longer Proofs (FLoP). Unlike most learning based approaches, we focus on generalising from very little training data and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Zsolt Zombori , Adrián Csiszárik , Henryk Michalewski , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Mathematical reasoning demands two critical, complementary skills: constructing rigorous proofs for true statements and discovering counterexamples that disprove false ones. However, current AI efforts in mathematics focus almost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zenan Li , Zhaoyu Li , Kaiyu Yang , Xiaoxing Ma , Zhendong Su

Most current methods for learning from demonstrations assume that those demonstrations alone are sufficient to learn the underlying task. This is often untrue, especially if extra safety specifications exist which were not present in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Craig Innes , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Learning through tests is a broadly used methodology in human learning and shows great effectiveness in improving learning outcome: a sequence of tests are made with increasing levels of difficulty; the learner takes these tests to identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Xuefeng Du , Haochen Zhang , Pengtao Xie

Language models are often trained to maximize the likelihood of the next token given past tokens in the training dataset. However, during inference time, they are utilized differently, generating text sequentially and auto-regressively by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhepeng Cen , Yao Liu , Siliang Zeng , Pratik Chaudhari , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis , Rasool Fakoor

Large Language Models (LLMs) can comply with harmful instructions, raising serious safety concerns despite their impressive capabilities. Recent work has leveraged probing-based approaches to study the separability of malicious and benign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Cheng Wang , Zeming Wei , Qin Liu , Muhao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Understanding how and why large language models (LLMs) fail is becoming a central challenge as models rapidly evolve and static evaluations fall behind. While automated probing has been enabled by dynamic test generation, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yue Huang , Zhengzhe Jiang , Yuchen Ma , Yu Jiang , Xiangqi Wang , Yujun Zhou , Yuexing Hao , Kehan Guo , Pin-Yu Chen , Stefan Feuerriegel , Xiangliang Zhang

Formal theorem proving with TLA+ provides rigorous guarantees for system specifications, but constructing proofs requires substantial expertise and effort. While large language models have shown promise in automating proofs for tactic-based…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuhao Zhou , Stavros Tripakis

Recent advances in automated theorem proving use Large Language Models (LLMs) to translate informal mathematical statements into formal proofs. However, informal cues are often ambiguous or lack strict logical structure, making it hard for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shashank Kirtania , Arun Iyer

Since the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), efforts have largely focused on improving their instruction-following and deductive reasoning abilities, leaving open the question of whether these models can truly discover new knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Kaiyu He , Zhiyu Chen