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Pre-trained transformers are able to learn from examples provided as part of the prompt without any weight updates, a remarkable ability known as in-context learning (ICL). Despite its demonstrated efficacy across various domains, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Alexander Hsu , Zhaiming Shen , Wenjing Liao , Rongjie Lai

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention from the research community due to their exceptional performance and generalization capabilities. In this paper, we introduce a novel method for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-21 Egor Lakomkin , Chunyang Wu , Yassir Fathullah , Ozlem Kalinli , Michael L. Seltzer , Christian Fuegen

Modeling long sequences is crucial for various large-scale models; however, extending existing architectures to handle longer sequences presents significant technical and resource challenges. In this paper, we propose an efficient and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ning Wang , Zekun Li , Tongxin Bai , Guoqi Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to longer context windows, the computational cost of attention mechanisms, which traditionally grows quadratically with input length, presents a critical challenge for real-time and memory-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 James Vo

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Emile Anand , Abdullah Ateyeh , Xinyuan Cao , Max Dabagia

The self-attention mechanism is the key to the success of transformers in recent Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the quadratic computational cost $O(n^2)$ in the input sequence length $n$ is a notorious obstacle for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Yingyu Liang , Heshan Liu , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Zhuoyan Xu , Junze Yin

The quadratic computational complexity of standard attention mechanisms presents a severe scalability bottleneck for LLMs in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention mechanisms combining Full Attention (FA) and Sparse Attention (SA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Quantong Qiu , Zhiyi Hong , Yi Yang , Haitian Wang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly tasked with ultra-long multimodal understanding. While linear architectures offer constant computation and memory footprints, they often struggle with high-frequency visual perception compared…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hongyuan Tao , Bencheng Liao , Shaoyu Chen , Haoran Yin , Qian Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

Natural languages are believed to be (mildly) context-sensitive. Despite underpinning remarkably capable large language models, transformers are unable to model many context-free language tasks. In an attempt to address this limitation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jiaoda Li , Jennifer C. White , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) excel at understanding videos in-context, provided they have full access to the video when answering queries. However, these models face challenges in streaming scenarios where hour-long videos must…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Vaggelis Dorovatas , Soroush Seifi , Gunshi Gupta , Rahaf Aljundi

We propose In-Context Clustering (ICC), a flexible LLM-based procedure for clustering data from diverse distributions. Unlike traditional clustering algorithms constrained by predefined similarity measures, ICC flexibly captures complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ying Wang , Mengye Ren , Andrew Gordon Wilson

The limited context window of contemporary large language models (LLMs) remains a primary bottleneck for their broader application across diverse domains. Although continual pre-training on long-context data offers a straightforward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Wei Han , Pan Zhou , Soujanya Poria , Shuicheng Yan

Information retrieval in Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly recognized as intertwined with generation capabilities rather than mere lookup. While longer contexts are often assumed to improve retrieval, the effects of intra-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Chupei Wang , Jiaqiu Vince Sun

Document-level context for neural machine translation (NMT) is crucial to improve the translation consistency and cohesion, the translation of ambiguous inputs, as well as several other linguistic phenomena. Many works have been published…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Christian Herold , Hermann Ney

This paper proposes Block-Filtered Long-Context Attention (BFLA), a training-free sparse prefill attention mechanism for long-context inference. BFLA adopts a two-stage design. In Stage 1, query and key sequences are compressed into coarse…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-13 Chong Wu , Zhenan Feng , Renjie Xu , Houwang Zhang , Jiawang Cao , Maolin Che , Wenbo Zhu , Hong Yan

Unneeded elements in the attention's context degrade performance. We introduce Selective Attention, a simple parameter-free change to the standard attention mechanism which reduces attention to unneeded elements. Selective attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yaniv Leviathan , Matan Kalman , Yossi Matias

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs), handling long context has become one of the vital abilities in LLMs. Such long-context ability is accompanied by difficulties in deployment, especially due to the increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhuorui Liu , Chen Zhang , Dawei Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess remarkable generalization capabilities but struggle with multi-task adaptation, particularly in balancing knowledge retention with task-specific specialization. Conventional fine-tuning methods suffer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dayan Pan , Zhaoyang Fu , Jingyuan Wang , Xiao Han , Yue Zhu , Xiangyu Zhao

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their capacity to process long contexts. However, effectively utilizing this long context remains a challenge due to the issue of distraction, where irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zijun Wu , Bingyuan Liu , Ran Yan , Lei Chen , Thomas Delteil

Transformer models have achieved remarkable results in a wide range of applications. However, their scalability is hampered by the quadratic time and memory complexity of the self-attention mechanism concerning the sequence length. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yury Nahshan , Joseph Kampeas , Emir Haleva