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We present and compare multiple imputation methods for multilevel continuous and binary data where variables are systematically and sporadically missing. The methods are compared from a theoretical point of view and through an extensive…

Multiple imputation (MI) is a popular method for dealing with missing values. One main advantage of MI is to separate the imputation phase and the analysis one. However, both are related since they are based on distribution assumptions that…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-09 Vincent Audigier , Ndèye Niang , Matthieu Resche-Rigon

Missing observations are common in cluster randomised trials. Approaches taken to handling such missing data include: complete case analysis, single-level multiple imputation that ignores the clustering, multiple imputation with a fixed…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-18 Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Michael G. Kenward , Manuel Gomes , Richard Grieve

Missing covariate data commonly occur in epidemiological and clinical research, and are often dealt with using multiple imputation (MI). Imputation of partially observed covariates is complicated if the substantive model is non-linear (e.g.…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-17 Jonathan W. Bartlett , Shaun R. Seaman , Ian R. White , James R. Carpenter

The ICH E9(R1) Addendum (International Council for Harmonization 2019) suggests treatment-policy as one of several strategies for addressing intercurrent events such as treatment withdrawal when defining an estimand. This strategy requires…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-28 Suzie Cro , James H Roger , James R Carpenter

Integrative analysis of datasets generated by multiple cohorts is a widely-used approach for increasing sample size, precision of population estimators, and generalizability of analysis results in epidemiological studies. However, often…

Longitudinal data is commonly utilised across various domains, such as health, biomedical, education and survey studies. This ubiquity has led to a rise in statistical, machine and deep learning-based methods for Longitudinal Data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sharon Torao Pingi , Md Abul Bashar , Richi Nayak

Multiple imputation (MI) has become popular for analyses with missing data in medical research. The standard implementation of MI is based on the assumption of data being missing at random (MAR). However, for missing data generated by…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-03 Tra My Pham , James R Carpenter , Tim P Morris , Angela M Wood , Irene Petersen

We present a framework for generating multiple imputations for continuous data when the missing data mechanism is unknown. Imputations are generated from more than one imputation model in order to incorporate uncertainty regarding the…

Applications · Statistics 2013-01-14 Juned Siddique , Ofer Harel , Catherine M. Crespi

\Multiple imputation (MI) is a popular and well-established method for handling missing data in multivariate data sets, but its practicality for use in massive and complex data sets has been questioned. One such data set is the Panel Study…

Propensity score matching (PSM) has been widely used to mitigate confounding in observational studies, although complications arise when the covariates used to estimate the PS are only partially observed. Multiple imputation (MI) is a…

Applications · Statistics 2021-07-22 Albee Y. Ling , Maria E. Montez-Rath , Maya B. Mathur , Kris Kapphahn , Manisha Desai

Incomplete observability of data generates an identification problem. There is no panacea for missing data. What one can learn about a population parameter depends on the assumptions one finds credible to maintain. The credibility of…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-17 Charles F. Manski

An efficient monotone data augmentation (MDA) algorithm is proposed for missing data imputation for incomplete multivariate nonnormal data that may contain variables of different types, and are modeled by a sequence of regression models…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-21 Yongqiang Tang

Missing data represents a fundamental challenge in machine learning applications, often reducing model performance and reliability. This problem is particularly acute in fields like bioinformatics and clinical machine learning, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Fatemeh Azad , Zoran Bosnić , Matjaž Kukar

Missing data is a common problem in medical research, and is commonly addressed using multiple imputation. Although traditional imputation methods allow for valid statistical inference when data are missing at random (MAR), their…

Multiple imputation (MI) is a method for repairing and analyzing data with missing values. MI replaces missing values with a sample of random values drawn from an imputation model. The most popular form of MI, which we call posterior draw…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-18 Paul T. von Hippel , Jonathan Bartlett

Joint modeling technique is a recent advancement in effectively analyzing the longitudinal history of patients with the occurrence of an event of interest attached to it. This procedure is successfully implemented in biomarker studies to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-08 Gajendra K. Vishwakarma , Atanu Bhattacharjee , Souvik Banerjee

Longitudinal passive sensing studies for health and behavior outcomes often have missing and incomplete data. Handling missing data effectively is thus a critical data processing and modeling step. Our formative interviews with researchers…

Missing data in online reinforcement learning (RL) poses challenges compared to missing data in standard tabular data or in offline policy learning. The need to impute and act at each time step means that imputation cannot be put off until…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-14 Kyla Chasalow , Skyler Wu , Susan Murphy

The use of flexible machine-learning (ML) models to generate imputations of missing data within the framework of Multiple Imputation (MI) has recently gained traction, particularly in observational settings. For randomised controlled trials…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Mia S. Tackney , Jonathan W. Bartlett , Elizabeth Williamson , Kim May Lee