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In a highly globalized world, it is important for multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) to recognize and respond correctly to mixed-cultural inputs. For example, a model should correctly identify kimchi (Korean food) in an image both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jun Seong Kim , Kyaw Ye Thu , Javad Ismayilzada , Junyeong Park , Eunsu Kim , Huzama Ahmad , Na Min An , James Thorne , Alice Oh

Large-scale deployment of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, requires LLMs to be culturally sensitive to the user to ensure inclusivity. Culture has been widely studied in…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate and shape cultural content, ranging from narrative writing to artistic production. While these models demonstrate impressive fluency and generative capacity, prior work has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 F. Carichon , R. Rampa , G. Farnadi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated substantial commonsense understanding through numerous benchmark evaluations. However, their understanding of cultural commonsense remains largely unexamined. In this paper, we conduct a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Siqi Shen , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Soujanya Poria , Rada Mihalcea

The growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) across diverse cultural contexts necessitates a deeper understanding of LLMs' representations of different cultures. Prior work has focused on evaluating the cultural awareness of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Haeun Yu , Seogyeong Jeong , Siddhesh Pawar , Jisu Shin , Jiho Jin , Junho Myung , Alice Oh , Isabelle Augenstein

Large language models (LLMs) are typically multilingual due to pretraining on diverse multilingual corpora. But can these models relate corresponding concepts across languages, i.e., be crosslingual? This study evaluates state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Lynn Chua , Badih Ghazi , Yangsibo Huang , Pritish Kamath , Ravi Kumar , Pasin Manurangsi , Amer Sinha , Chulin Xie , Chiyuan Zhang

Organizations increasingly use Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve supply chain processes and reduce environmental impacts. However, LLMs have been shown to reproduce biases regarding the prioritization of sustainable business…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Greta Ontrup , Annika Bush , Markus Pauly , Meltem Aksoy

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a range of tasks, yet concerns about their potential biases exist. This work investigates the extent to which prominent VLMs exhibit cultural biases by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala , Siddhant Gupta , Jebish Purbey , Srishti Yadav , Suman Debnath , Alejandro Salamanca , Desmond Elliott

We investigate linguistic biases in LLM-based restaurant and product recommendations given prompts varying across Southern American English (AE), Indian English (IE), and Code-Switched Hindi-English dialects, using the Yelp Open dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Nitin Venkateswaran , Jason Ang , Deep Adhikari , Tarun Krishna Dasari

Large language models (LLMs) are highly adept at question answering and reasoning tasks, but when reasoning in a situational context, human expectations vary depending on the relevant cultural common ground. As languages are associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chen Cecilia Liu , Fajri Koto , Timothy Baldwin , Iryna Gurevych

Research has shown that while large language models (LLMs) can generate their responses based on cultural context, they are not perfect and tend to generalize across cultures. However, when evaluating the cultural bias of a language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Vitthal Bhandari

LLMs have been showing limitations when it comes to cultural coverage and competence, and in some cases show regional biases such as amplifying Western and Anglocentric viewpoints. While there have been works analysing the cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Joseba Fernandez de Landa , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados

In a globalized world, cultural elements from diverse origins frequently appear together within a single visual scene. We refer to these as culture mixing scenarios, yet how Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) perceive them remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Eunsu Kim , Junyeong Park , Na Min An , Junseong Kim , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Jiho Jin , Julia Kruk , Amit Agarwal , Srikant Panda , Fenal Ashokbhai Ilasariya , Hyunjung Shim , Alice Oh

Cultural biases in multilingual datasets pose significant challenges for their effectiveness as global benchmarks. These biases stem not only from differences in language but also from the cultural knowledge required to interpret questions,…

Based on the foundation of Large Language Models (LLMs), Multilingual LLMs (MLLMs) have been developed to address the challenges faced in multilingual natural language processing, hoping to achieve knowledge transfer from high-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yuemei Xu , Ling Hu , Jiayi Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Kexin XU , Yuqi Ye , Hanwen Gu

As the reach of large language models (LMs) expands globally, their ability to cater to diverse cultural contexts becomes crucial. Despite advancements in multilingual capabilities, models are not designed with appropriate cultural nuances.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Tarek Naous , Michael J. Ryan , Alan Ritter , Wei Xu

Recent progress in NLP research has demonstrated remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks. While recent multilingual benchmarks have advanced cultural evaluation for LLMs, critical gaps remain in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nafis Chowdhury , Moinul Haque , Anika Ahmed , Nazia Tasnim , Md. Istiak Hossain Shihab , Sajjadur Rahman , Farig Sadeque

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across various tasks, they exhibit significant performance discrepancies across languages. While prompting LLMs in English typically yields the highest general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andrew Ivan Soegeng , Patrick Sutanto , Tan Sang Nguyen

The intricate relationship between language and culture has long been a subject of exploration within the realm of linguistic anthropology. Large Language Models (LLMs), promoted as repositories of collective human knowledge, raise a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Badr AlKhamissi , Muhammad ElNokrashy , Mai AlKhamissi , Mona Diab

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used across diverse cultural contexts, making accurate cultural understanding essential. Prior evaluations have mostly focused on output-level performance, obscuring the factors that drive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Seungho Cho , Changgeon Ko , Eui Jun Hwang , Junmyeong Lee , Huije Lee , Jong C. Park
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