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The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is having an growing impact on the climate due to the substantial energy required for their deployment and use. To create awareness for developers who are implementing LLMs in their products,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 K. Pronk , Q. Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous domains by providing advanced capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Despite their groundbreaking applications across industries such as research,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aditi Singh , Nirmal Prakashbhai Patel , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

The rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) is driving unprecedented growth in global computational demand, placing increasing pressure on electricity systems. This study introduces an AI-energy coupling framework that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Danbo Chen , Zijun Zhou , Yongyang Cai , Jiahong Qin , Ani Katchova , Lei Chen

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Artificial intelligence (AI) has long promised to improve energy management in smart grids by enhancing situational awareness and supporting more effective decision-making. While traditional machine learning has demonstrated notable results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Gabriel Antonesi , Tudor Cioara , Ionut Anghel , Vasilis Michalakopoulos , Elissaios Sarmas , Liana Toderean

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant advances in natural language processing and text generation. However, the energy consumed through LLM model inference remains a major challenge for sustainable AI…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Grant Wilkins , Srinivasan Keshav , Richard Mortier

The rapid deployment of machine learning across platforms from milliwatt-class TinyML devices to large language models has made energy efficiency a primary constraint for sustainable AI. Across these scales, performance and energy are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Yanqing Zhang

Conventional approaches to building energy retrofit decision making suffer from limited generalizability and low interpretability, hindering adoption in diverse residential contexts. With the growth of Smart and Connected Communities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Lei Shu , Dong Zhao

Current AI energy benchmarks measure consumption at the granularity of a single model invocation or training run. For classical single-turn workloads this unit remains coherent. For agentic systems - where a single user goal may trigger…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Deepak Panigrahy , Aakash Tyagi

This survey uncovers the tension between AI techniques designed for energy saving in mobile networks and the energy demands those same techniques create. We compare modeling approaches that estimate power usage cost of current commercial…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kishan Sthankiya , Nagham Saeed , Greg McSorley , Mona Jaber , Richard G. Clegg

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to create more sustainable production methods and model climate change, making it a valuable tool in the fight against environmental degradation. This paper describes the paradox of an energy-consuming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arnault Pachot , Céline Patissier

The AI datacenters are currently being deployed on a large scale to support the training and deployment of power-intensive large-language models (LLMs). Extensive amount of computation and cooling required in datacenters increase concerns…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Nardos Belay Abera , Yize Chen

Recent years have seen a surge in the popularity of commercial AI products based on generative, multi-purpose AI systems promising a unified approach to building machine learning (ML) models into technology. However, this ambition of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Yacine Jernite , Emma Strubell

Organisations are examining how generative AI can support their operational work and decision-making processes. This study investigates how employees in a energy company understand AI adoption and identify areas where AI and LLMs-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Malik Abdul Sami , Zeeshan Rasheed , Meri Olenius , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Pekka Abrahamsson

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques continue to broaden across governmental and public sectors, such as power and energy - which serve as critical infrastructures for most societal operations. However, due to the requirements of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Erik Blasch , Haoran Li , Zhihao Ma , Yang Weng

The security and privacy concerns along with the amount of data that is required to be processed on regular basis has pushed processing to the edge of the computing systems. Deploying advanced Neural Networks (NN), such as deep neural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Muhammad Shafique , Alberto Marchisio , Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving an unprecedented increase in the electricity demand of AI data centers, raising emerging challenges for electric power grids. Understanding the characteristics of AI data center…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Xin Chen , Xiaoyang Wang , Ana Colacelli , Matt Lee , Le Xie

With the growing availability of large-scale datasets, and the popularization of affordable storage and computational capabilities, the energy consumed by AI is becoming a growing concern. To address this issue, in recent years, studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Roberto Verdecchia , Luís Cruz , June Sallou , Michelle Lin , James Wickenden , Estelle Hotellier

Deep learning models in computer vision have achieved significant success but pose increasing concerns about energy consumption and sustainability. Despite these concerns, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their energy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zeyu Yang , Karel Adamek , Wesley Armour

The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Andrea Marinoni , Sai Shivareddy , Pietro Lio' , Weisi Lin , Erik Cambria , Clare Grey