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Current long-context benchmarks primarily focus on retrieval-based tests, requiring Large Language Models (LLMs) to locate specific information within extensive input contexts, such as the needle-in-a-haystack (NIAH) benchmark. Long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xiang Liu , Peijie Dong , Xuming Hu , Xiaowen Chu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown significant promise in various applications, leading to broad interest from researchers and practitioners alike. However, a comprehensive evaluation of their long-context capabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Hengyi Wang , Haizhou Shi , Shiwei Tan , Weiyi Qin , Wenyuan Wang , Tunyu Zhang , Akshay Nambi , Tanuja Ganu , Hao Wang

Existing multilingual long-context benchmarks, often based on the popular needle-in-a-haystack test, primarily evaluate a model's ability to locate specific information buried within irrelevant texts. However, such a retrieval-centric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Amey Hengle , Prasoon Bajpai , Soham Dan , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Existing frameworks for evaluating long-context language models (LCLM) can be broadly categorized into real-world applications (e.g, document summarization) and synthetic tasks (e.g, needle-in-a-haystack). Despite their utility, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yijun Yang , Zeyu Huang , Wenhao Zhu , Zihan Qiu , Fei Yuan , Jeff Z. Pan , Ivan Titov

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly capable of processing long inputs and locating specific information within them, as evidenced by their performance on the Needle in a Haystack (NIAH) test. However, while models excel at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Harvey Yiyun Fu , Aryan Shrivastava , Jared Moore , Peter West , Chenhao Tan , Ari Holtzman

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in using external tools to address user inquiries. However, most existing evaluations assume tool use in short contexts, offering limited insight into model behavior during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Beong-woo Kwak , Minju Kim , Dongha Lim , Hyungjoo Chae , Dongjin Kang , Sunghwan Kim , Dongil Yang , Jinyoung Yeo

As language models support larger and larger context sizes, evaluating their ability to make effective use of that context becomes increasingly important. We analyze the ability of several code generation models to handle long range…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yannick Assogba , Donghao Ren

Current large language models (LLMs) often perform poorly on simple fact retrieval tasks. Here we investigate if coupling a dynamically adaptable external memory to a LLM can alleviate this problem. For this purpose, we test Larimar, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Elliot Nelson , Georgios Kollias , Payel Das , Subhajit Chaudhury , Soham Dan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLM) capable of processing extremely long texts highlight the need for a dedicated evaluation benchmark to assess their long-context capabilities. However, existing methods, like the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Taewhoo Lee , Chanwoong Yoon , Kyochul Jang , Donghyeon Lee , Minju Song , Hyunjae Kim , Jaewoo Kang

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated versatile capabilities in long-context scenarios. Although some recent benchmarks have been developed to evaluate the long-context capabilities of LLMs, there is a lack of benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lei Wang , Shan Dong , Yuhui Xu , Hanze Dong , Yalu Wang , Amrita Saha , Ee-Peng Lim , Caiming Xiong , Doyen Sahoo

Improvements in language models' capabilities have pushed their applications towards longer contexts, making long-context evaluation and development an active research area. However, many disparate use-cases are grouped together under the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Omer Goldman , Alon Jacovi , Aviv Slobodkin , Aviya Maimon , Ido Dagan , Reut Tsarfaty

We propose a scalable, multifactorial experimental framework that systematically probes LLM sensitivity to subtle semantic changes in pairwise document comparison. We analogize this as a needle-in-a-haystack problem: a single semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Sinan G. Aksoy , Alexandra A. Sabrio , Erik VonKaenel , Lee Burke

The capability of large language models to handle long-context information is crucial across various real-world applications. Existing evaluation methods often rely either on real-world long texts, making it difficult to exclude the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Mo Li , Songyang Zhang , Taolin Zhang , Haodong Duan , Yunxin Liu , Kai Chen

Synthetic long-context LLM benchmarks (e.g., "needle-in-the-haystack") test only surface-level retrieval capabilities, but how well can long-context LLMs retrieve, synthesize, and reason over information across book-length inputs? We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Marzena Karpinska , Katherine Thai , Kyle Lo , Tanya Goyal , Mohit Iyyer

Long-context LLM agents must access the right evidence from large environments and use it faithfully. However, the popular Needle-in-a-Haystack (NIAH) evaluation mostly measures benign span localization. The needle is near-unique, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Tianwei Lin , Zuyi Zhou , Xinda Zhao , Chenke Wang , Xiaohong Li , Yu Chen , Chuanrui Hu , Jian Pei , Yafeng Deng

Recent advances in long-context language models (LMs) have enabled million-token inputs, expanding their capabilities across complex tasks like computer-use agents. Yet, the safety implications of these extended contexts remain unclear. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rishi Rajesh Shah , Chen Henry Wu , Shashwat Saxena , Ziqian Zhong , Alexander Robey , Aditi Raghunathan

In recent years, the input context sizes of large language models (LLMs) have increased dramatically. However, existing evaluation methods have not kept pace, failing to comprehensively assess the efficiency of models in handling long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yuri Kuratov , Aydar Bulatov , Petr Anokhin , Ivan Rodkin , Dmitry Sorokin , Artyom Sorokin , Mikhail Burtsev

Large language models (LLMs) often fail to scale their performance on long-context tasks performance in line with the context lengths they support. This gap is commonly attributed to retrieval failures -- the models' inability to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yufeng Du , Minyang Tian , Srikanth Ronanki , Subendhu Rongali , Sravan Bodapati , Aram Galstyan , Azton Wells , Roy Schwartz , Eliu A Huerta , Hao Peng

The ability to recognize patterns from examples and apply them to new ones is a primal ability for general intelligence, and is widely studied by psychology and AI researchers. Many benchmarks have been proposed to measure such ability for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Kai Yan , Zhan Ling , Kang Liu , Yifan Yang , Ting-Han Fan , Lingfeng Shen , Zhengyin Du , Jiecao Chen

Natural language inference (NLI) is a fundamental NLP task, investigating the entailment relationship between two texts. Popular NLI datasets present the task at sentence-level. While adequate for testing semantic representations, they fall…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Hanmeng Liu , Leyang Cui , Jian Liu , Yue Zhang