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In this paper, we conjecture that if the permutation invariance of neural networks is taken into account, SGD solutions will likely have no barrier in the linear interpolation between them. Although it is a bold conjecture, we show how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Rahim Entezari , Hanie Sedghi , Olga Saukh , Behnam Neyshabur

It was empirically observed in Entezari et al. (2021) that when accounting for the permutation invariance of neural networks, there is likely no loss barrier along the linear interpolation between two SGD solutions -- a phenomenon known as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-13 Keyao Zhan , Puheng Li , Lei Wu

The success of deep learning is due in large part to our ability to solve certain massive non-convex optimization problems with relative ease. Though non-convex optimization is NP-hard, simple algorithms -- often variants of stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Samuel K. Ainsworth , Jonathan Hayase , Siddhartha Srinivasa

The loss landscapes of deep neural networks are not well understood due to their high nonconvexity. Empirically, the local minima of these loss functions can be connected by a learned curve in model space, along which the loss remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 N. Joseph Tatro , Pin-Yu Chen , Payel Das , Igor Melnyk , Prasanna Sattigeri , Rongjie Lai

The energy landscape of high-dimensional non-convex optimization problems is crucial to understanding the effectiveness of modern deep neural network architectures. Recent works have experimentally shown that two different solutions found…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Damien Ferbach , Baptiste Goujaud , Gauthier Gidel , Aymeric Dieuleveut

Understanding the geometry of neural network loss landscapes is a central question in deep learning, with implications for generalization and optimization. A striking phenomenon is linear mode connectivity (LMC), where independently trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Alexander Theus , Alessandro Cabodi , Sotiris Anagnostidis , Antonio Orvieto , Sidak Pal Singh , Valentina Boeva

Linear Mode Connectivity (LMC) refers to the phenomenon that performance remains consistent for linearly interpolated models in the parameter space. For independently optimized model pairs from different random initializations, achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Ryuichi Kanoh , Mahito Sugiyama

The elusive nature of gradient-based optimization in neural networks is tied to their loss landscape geometry, which is poorly understood. However recent work has brought solid evidence that there is essentially no loss barrier between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-17 Simone Rossi , Ankit Singh , Thomas Hannagan

Linear interpolation between initial neural network parameters and converged parameters after training with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) typically leads to a monotonic decrease in the training objective. This Monotonic Linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 James Lucas , Juhan Bae , Michael R. Zhang , Stanislav Fort , Richard Zemel , Roger Grosse

The permutation symmetry of neurons in each layer of a deep neural network gives rise not only to multiple equivalent global minima of the loss function, but also to first-order saddle points located on the path between the global minima.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Johanni Brea , Berfin Simsek , Bernd Illing , Wulfram Gerstner

Recently, Ainsworth et al. empirically demonstrated that, given two independently trained models, applying a parameter permutation that preserves the input-output behavior allows the two models to be connected by a low-loss linear path.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Akira Ito , Masanori Yamada , Daiki Chijiwa , Atsutoshi Kumagai

The question of how and why the phenomenon of mode connectivity occurs in training deep neural networks has gained remarkable attention in the research community. From a theoretical perspective, two possible explanations have been proposed:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Quynh Nguyen , Pierre Brechet , Marco Mondelli

Skip connections made the training of very deep networks possible and have become an indispensable component in a variety of neural architectures. A completely satisfactory explanation for their success remains elusive. Here, we present a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-06 A. Emin Orhan , Xaq Pitkow

Neural networks trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) starting from different random initialisations typically find functionally very similar solutions, raising the question of whether there are meaningful differences between…

In this study, we investigate whether the representations learned by neural networks possess a privileged and convergent basis. Specifically, we examine the significance of feature directions represented by individual neurons. First, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Davis Brown , Nikhil Vyas , Yamini Bansal

We extend the concept of loss landscape mode connectivity to the input space of deep neural networks. Mode connectivity was originally studied within parameter space, where it describes the existence of low-loss paths between different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Jakub Vrabel , Ori Shem-Ur , Yaron Oz , David Krueger

The presence of linear paths in parameter space between two different network solutions in certain cases, i.e., linear mode connectivity (LMC), has garnered interest from both theoretical and practical fronts. There has been significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Sidak Pal Singh , Linara Adilova , Michael Kamp , Asja Fischer , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann

Studying neural network loss landscapes provides insights into the nature of the underlying optimization problems. Unfortunately, loss landscapes are notoriously difficult to visualize in a human-comprehensible fashion. One common way to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Tiffany Vlaar , Jonathan Frankle

Recognizing symmetries in data allows for significant boosts in neural network training, which is especially important where training data are limited. In many cases, however, the exact underlying symmetry is present only in an idealized…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-04-07 Seth Nabat , Aishik Ghosh , Edmund Witkowski , Gregor Kasieczka , Daniel Whiteson

With the rise in interest of sparse neural networks, we study how neural network pruning with synthetic data leads to sparse networks with unique training properties. We find that distilled data, a synthetic summarization of the real data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Luke McDermott , Daniel Cummings
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