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Many machine learning models perform well when making predictions within the training data range, but often struggle when required to extrapolate beyond it. Symbolic regression (SR) using genetic programming (GP) can generate flexible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Fitria Wulandari Ramlan , Colm O'Riordan , Gabriel Kronberger , James McDermott

Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) architectures are the most popular design for language modeling. Energy-based modeling is a different paradigm that views inference as a dynamical process operating on an energy landscape. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Nima Dehmamy , Benjamin Hoover , Bishwajit Saha , Leo Kozachkov , Jean-Jacques Slotine , Dmitry Krotov

This paper describes a new method for Symbolic Regression that allows to find mathematical expressions from a dataset. This method has a strong mathematical basis. As opposed to other methods such as Genetic Programming, this method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Daniel Rivero , Enrique Fernandez-Blanco

Learning time-series representations for discriminative tasks, such as classification and regression, has been a long-standing challenge in the healthcare domain. Current pre-training methods are limited in either unidirectional next-token…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ziyang Song , Qincheng Lu , He Zhu , David Buckeridge , Yue Li

Dynamic scheduling in real-world environments often struggles to adapt to unforeseen disruptions, making traditional static scheduling methods and human-designed heuristics inadequate. This paper introduces an innovative approach that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Xinan Chen , Rong Qu , Jing Dong , Ruibin Bai , Yaochu Jin

Symbolic regression is a powerful system identification technique in industrial scenarios where no prior knowledge on model structure is available. Such scenarios often require specific model properties such as interpretability, robustness,…

Symbolic Regression tries to find a mathematical expression that describes the relationship of a set of explanatory variables to a measured variable. The main objective is to find a model that minimizes the error and, optionally, that also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

Large language models like GPT-4 exhibit emergent capabilities across general-purpose tasks, such as basic arithmetic, when trained on extensive text data, even though these tasks are not explicitly encoded by the unsupervised, next-token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Nayoung Lee , Kartik Sreenivasan , Jason D. Lee , Kangwook Lee , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Despite recent progress in time-series foundation models, challenges persist in improving representation learning and adapting to diverse downstream tasks. We introduce a General Time-series Model (GTM), which advances representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Cheng He , Xu Huang , Gangwei Jiang , Zhaoyi Li , Defu Lian , Hong Xie , Enhong Chen , Xijie Liang , Zengrong Zheng , Patrick P. C. Lee

Transformer Semantic Genetic Programming (TSGP) is a semantic search approach that uses a pre-trained transformer model as a variation operator to generate offspring programs with high semantic similarity to a given parent. Unlike other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Philipp Anthes , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Symbolic regression (SR) is the process of discovering hidden relationships from data with mathematical expressions, which is considered an effective way to reach interpretable machine learning (ML). Genetic programming (GP) has been the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Peng Zeng , Xiaotian Song , Andrew Lensen , Yuwei Ou , Yanan Sun , Mengjie Zhang , Jiancheng Lv

The growing disparity between the exponential scaling of computational resources and the finite growth of high-quality text data now constrains conventional scaling approaches for large language models (LLMs). To address this challenge, we…

Many real-world problems can be naturally described by mathematical formulas. The task of finding formulas from a set of observed inputs and outputs is called symbolic regression. Recently, neural networks have been applied to symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Martin Vastl , Jonáš Kulhánek , Jiří Kubalík , Erik Derner , Robert Babuška

Recently, several algorithms for symbolic regression (SR) emerged which employ a form of multiple linear regression (LR) to produce generalized linear models. The use of LR allows the algorithms to create models with relatively small error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Jan Žegklitz , Petr Pošík

Symbolic regression is a technique that can automatically derive analytic models from data. Traditionally, symbolic regression has been implemented primarily through genetic programming that evolves populations of candidate solutions…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jiří Kubalík , Robert Babuška

In standard genetic programming (stdGP), solutions are varied by modifying their syntax, with uncertain effects on their semantics. Geometric-semantic genetic programming (GSGP), a popular variant of GP, effectively searches the semantic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Philipp Anthes , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

[RETRACTED]Data increasingly abounds, but distilling their underlying relationships down to something interpretable remains challenging. One approach is genetic programming, which `symbolically regresses' a data set down into an equation.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Amanda Bertschinger , James Bagrow , Joshua Bongard

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely adopted in post-training for large language models (LLMs) at scale. Recently, the incentivization of reasoning capabilities in LLMs from RL indicates that $\textit{proper learning methods could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zijun Liu , Peiyi Wang , Runxin Xu , Shirong Ma , Chong Ruan , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Yu Wu

Symbolic equations are at the core of scientific discovery. The task of discovering the underlying equation from a set of input-output pairs is called symbolic regression. Traditionally, symbolic regression methods use hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Luca Biggio , Tommaso Bendinelli , Alexander Neitz , Aurelien Lucchi , Giambattista Parascandolo