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The remote sensing community has recently seen the emergence of methods based on Large Vision and Language Models (LVLMs) that can address multiple tasks at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing. To fully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 João Daniel Silva , Joao Magalhaes , Devis Tuia , Bruno Martins

Decoder-only transformers have become the standard architecture for large language models (LLMs) due to their strong performance. Recent studies suggest that, in pre-trained LLMs, early, middle, and late layers may serve distinct roles:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuan Luo , Weizhi Wang , Xifeng Yan

Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been explored as powerful text embedders. Existing LLM-based text embedding approaches often leverage the embedding of the final token, typically a reserved special token such as [EOS].…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chang Su , Dengliang Shi , Siyuan Huang , Jintao Du , Changhua Meng , Yu Cheng , Weiqiang Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Recent years have witnessed the rapid advance in neural machine translation (NMT), the core of which lies in the encoder-decoder architecture. Inspired by the recent progress of large-scale pre-trained language models on machine translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Shuo Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Zhixing Tan , Wenxuan Wang , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

Recent document question answering models consist of two key components: the vision encoder, which captures layout and visual elements in images, and a Large Language Model (LLM) that helps contextualize questions to the image and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Nidhi Hegde , Sujoy Paul , Gagan Madan , Gaurav Aggarwal

Transforming a large language model (LLM) into a Vision-Language Model (VLM) can be achieved by mapping the visual tokens from a vision encoder into the embedding space of an LLM. Intriguingly, this mapping can be as simple as a shallow MLP…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Benno Krojer , Shravan Nayak , Oscar Mañas , Vaibhav Adlakha , Desmond Elliott , Siva Reddy , Marius Mosbach

A latent-variable model is introduced for text matching, inferring sentence representations by jointly optimizing generative and discriminative objectives. To alleviate typical optimization challenges in latent-variable models for text, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Dinghan Shen , Yizhe Zhang , Ricardo Henao , Qinliang Su , Lawrence Carin

In this paper, we introduce a novel and simple method for obtaining high-quality text embeddings using only synthetic data and less than 1k training steps. Unlike existing methods that often depend on multi-stage intermediate pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xiaolong Huang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Furu Wei

Text embedding methods have become increasingly popular in both industrial and academic fields due to their critical role in a variety of natural language processing tasks. The significance of universal text embeddings has been further…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hongliu Cao

Embedding models are crucial for various natural language processing tasks but can be limited by factors such as limited vocabulary, lack of context, and grammatical errors. This paper proposes a novel approach to improve embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Nicholas Harris , Anand Butani , Syed Hashmy

Large language models (LLMs) tend to inadequately integrate input context during text generation, relying excessively on encoded prior knowledge in model parameters, potentially resulting in generated text with factual inconsistencies or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Zheng Zhao , Emilio Monti , Jens Lehmann , Haytham Assem

Recent work on discrete speech tokenization has paved the way for models that can seamlessly perform multiple tasks across modalities, e.g., speech recognition, text to speech, speech to speech translation. Moreover, large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Viet Anh Trinh , Rosy Southwell , Yiwen Guan , Xinlu He , Zhiyong Wang , Jacob Whitehill

Recently, large language and vision models (LLVMs) have received significant attention and development efforts due to their remarkable generalization performance across a wide range of tasks requiring perception and cognitive abilities. A…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Young-Jun Lee , Byungsoo Ko , Han-Gyu Kim , Yechan Hwang , Ho-Jin Choi

Language models (LMs) and their extension, vision-language models (VLMs), have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they still struggle with complex reasoning tasks that require multimodal or multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Wenyi Wu , Zixuan Song , Kun Zhou , Yifei Shao , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

Text embedding has become a foundational technology in natural language processing (NLP) during the deep learning era, driving advancements across a wide array of downstream tasks. While many natural language understanding challenges can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhijie Nie , Zhangchi Feng , Mingxin Li , Cunwang Zhang , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang

Universal multimodal embedding models play a critical role in tasks such as interleaved image-text retrieval, multimodal RAG, and multimodal clustering. However, our empirical results indicate that existing LMM-based embedding models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhibin Lan , Liqiang Niu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Jinsong Su

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across diverse tasks, yet their internal mechanisms remain largely opaque. In this work, we investigate a fundamental question: to what extent can the original input text be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Haiyan Zhao , Zirui He , Yiming Tang , Fan Yang , Ali Payani , Dianbo Liu , Mengnan Du

Large language models (LLMs) with decoder-only architectures demonstrate remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities. This feature enables them to effectively handle both familiar and novel tasks by utilizing examples provided within…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Chaofan Li , MingHao Qin , Shitao Xiao , Jianlyu Chen , Kun Luo , Yingxia Shao , Defu Lian , Zheng Liu

Language model (LM) pre-training has resulted in impressive performance and sample efficiency on a variety of language understanding tasks. However, it remains unclear how to best use pre-trained LMs for generation tasks such as abstractive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Urvashi Khandelwal , Kevin Clark , Dan Jurafsky , Lukasz Kaiser