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We present the results of three-dimensional numerical simulations that include the effects of hydrodynamical forces and gas drag upon an evolving dusty gas disk. We briefly describe a new parallel, two phase numerical code based upon the…

Solid material in protoplanetary discs will suffer one of two fates after the epoch of planet formation; either being bound up into planetary bodies, or remaining in smaller planetesimals to be ground into dust. These end states are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Robert A. Wittenmyer , Jonathan P. Marshall

The "cosmic shoreline," a semi-empirical relation that separates airless worlds from worlds with atmospheres as proposed by K. J. Zahnle & D. C. Catling, is now guiding large-scale JWST surveys aimed at detecting rocky exoplanet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-16 Xuan Ji , Richard D. Chatterjee , Brandon Park Coy , Edwin S. Kite

Theoretical models of grain growth predict dust properties to change as a function of protoplanetary disk radius, mass, age and other physical conditions. We lay down the methodology for a multi-wavelength analysis of (sub-)mm and cm…

Dust grains with sizes around (sub)mm are expected to couple only weakly to the gas motion in regions beyond 10 au of circumstellar disks. In this work, we investigate the influence of the spatial distribution of such grains on the (sub)mm…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-04 J. P. Ruge , M. Flock , S. Wolf , N. Dzyurkevich , S. Fromang , Th. Henning , H. Klahr , H. Meheut

A significant fraction of unstable multiple planet systems likely scatter during the transitional disc phase as gas damping becomes ineffectual. Using an ensemble of FARGO hydrodynamic simulations and MERCURY n-body integrations, we…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 Nickolas Moeckel , Philip J. Armitage

The characterization of exoplanets and their birth protoplanetary disks has enormously advanced in the last decade. Benefitting from that, our global understanding of the planet formation processes has been substantially improved. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-03 Beibei Liu , Jianghui Ji

We investigate how the formation and structure of circumplanetary disks (CPDs) varies with planet mass and protoplanetary disk aspect ratio. Using static mesh refinement and a near-isothermal equation of state, we perform a small parameter…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Sabina Sagynbayeva , Rixin Li , Aleksandra Kuznetsova , Zhaohuan Zhu , Yan-Fei Jiang , Philip J. Armitage

Context: Photoevaporation is an important process for protoplanetary disc dispersal but there has so far been a lack of consensus from simulations over the mass-loss rates and the most important part of the high-energy spectrum for driving…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-23 Andrew D. Sellek , Tommaso Grassi , Giovanni Picogna , Christian Rab , Cathie J. Clarke , Barbara Ercolano

We investigate the potential of using ratios of fine structure and near-infrared forbidden line transitions of atomic carbon to diagnose protoplanetary disk extension. Using results from 2D photoionisation and radiative transfer modeling of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 B. Ercolano , J. J. Drake , C. J. Clarke

Despite intensive studies of protoplanetary disks, there is still no reliable way to determine their total mass and their surface density distribution, quantities that are crucial for describing both the structure and the evolution of disks…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-26 Anna Miotello , Ewine F. van Dishoeck , Mihkel Kama , Simon Bruderer

The presence of dusty debris around main sequence stars denotes the existence of planetary systems. Such debris disks are often identified by the presence of excess continuum emission at infrared and (sub-)millimetre wavelengths, with…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-23 Jonathan P. Marshall , S. T. Maddison , E. Thilliez , B. C. Matthews , D. J. Wilner , J. S. Greaves , W. S. Holland

We propose a new evolutionary process of protoplanetary disks "co-evolution of dust grains and protoplanetary disks", revealed by dust-gas two-fluid non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics simulations considering the growth of dust and associated…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-26 Yusuke Tsukamoto , Masahiro N. Machida , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

Planet-forming discs in sufficiently strong UV environments lose gas in external photoevaporative winds. Dust can also be entrained within these winds, which has consequences for the possible solids reservoir for planet formation, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-09 S. Paine , T. J. Haworth , R. P. Nelson

Dust substructures in protoplanetary discs can be signatures of embedded young planets whose detection and characterisation would provide a better understanding of planet formation. Traditional techniques used to link substructures'…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-20 A. Ruzza , G. Lodato , G. P. Rosotti , P. J. Armitage

I begin this review by first defining what is meant by exoplanet demographics, and then motivating why we would like as broad a picture of exoplanet demographics as possible. I then outline the methodology and pitfalls to measuring…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-02 B. Scott Gaudi

We perform global three-dimensional (3D) radiation-hydrodynamics calculations of the envelopes surrounding young planetary cores of 5, 10, and 15 Earth masses, located in a protoplanetary disk at 5 and 10 AU from a solar-mass star. We apply…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-11-07 Gennaro D'Angelo , Peter Bodenheimer

Large spectroscopic surveys have enabled in the recent years the computation of three-dimensional interstellar extinction maps thanks to accurate stellar atmospheric parameters and line-of-sight distances. Such maps are complementary to 3D…

Protoplanetary discs are now routinely observed and exoplanets, after the numerous indirect discoveries, are starting to be directly imaged. To better understand the planet formation process, the next step is the detection of forming…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-30 Jean-François Gonzalez , Guillaume Laibe , Sarah T. Maddison , Christophe Pinte , François Ménard

ALMA has spatially resolved over 200 annular structures in protoplanetary discs, many of which are suggestive of the presence of planets. Constraining the mass of these putative planets is quite degenerate for it depends on the disc…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-14 Yinhao Wu , Clément Baruteau , Sergei Nayakshin