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We present a practical implementation of a phase-coherent mapping technique for pulsar timing arrays that resolves the full complex polarisation state of the gravitational-wave sky as a function of direction and frequency. Unlike standard…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-22 Małgorzata Curyło , Eric Thrane , Paul D. Lasky , Dawson S. Gaynor

In the nanohertz band, the spatial correlations in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) produced by interfering gravitational waves (GWs) from multiple sources likely deviate from the traditional ones without interference under the assumption of an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-01 Yu-Mei Wu , Yan-Chen Bi , Qing-Guo Huang

While pulsar timing array experiments have recently found evidence for the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background, its origin is still unclear. If this background is of astrophysical origin, we expect the distribution…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-10 Nastassia Grimm , Martin Pijnenburg , Giulia Cusin , Camille Bonvin

We describe a new method for extracting gravitational wave signals from pulsar timing data. We show that any gravitational wave signal can be decomposed into an orthogonal set of sky maps, with the number of maps equal to the number of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-06-20 Neil J. Cornish , Rutger van Haasteren

Very recently, several pulsar timing array collaborations, including CPTA, EPTA, and NANOGrav, reported their results from searches for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), with each finding positive evidence for…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-06 Ligong Bian , Shuailiang Ge , Jing Shu , Bo Wang , Xing-Yu Yang , Junchao Zong

We present a unified spin-weighted harmonic framework that delivers analytic, diagonal expressions for the overlap (correlation) functions of three low frequency gravitational wave observables-pulsar timing redshifts, astrometric…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-30 Giorgio Mentasti , Carlo R. Contaldi

We provide a complete study of the factors influencing gravitational-wave signal localization using pulsar timing arrays. We derive analytical expressions for the Cram\'er-Rao sky localization precision that delineate the impact of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-12 Stephen R. Taylor

Owing to the extreme smallness of any noncommutative scale that may exist in nature, both in the spatial and momentum sector of the quantum phase-space, a credible possibility of their detection lies in the present day gravitational wave…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-03-08 Sunandan Gangopadhyay , Anirban Saha , Swarup Saha

The signals from international pulsar timing arrays have presented a hint of gravitational stochastic background in nHz band frequency. Further confirmation will be based on whether the signals follow the angular correlation curves…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-06 Qing-Hua Zhu

We investigate the use of harmonic analysis techniques to perform measurements of the angular power spectrum on mock pulsar timing data for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) with a dimensionless strain amplitude…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-19 Jonathan Nay , Kimberly K. Boddy , Tristan L. Smith , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli

Using public pulse time-of-arrival data from five pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), we search for a stationary, isotropic, and unpolarized nHz stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). This analysis is more sensitive than previous…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-29 Wang-Wei Yu , Bruce Allen

We introduce a unified formalism to describe both timing and astrometric perturbations induced on astrophysical point sources by gravitational waves using a complex spin field on the sphere. This allows the use of spin-weighted spherical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-03-14 Sebastian Golat , Carlo R. Contaldi

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) hunt for gravitational waves (GW) by searching for the correlations that GWs induce in the time-of-arrival residuals from different pulsars. If the GW sources are of astrophysical origin, then they are located at…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-05 Bruce Allen , Deepali Agarwal , Joseph D. Romano , Serena Valtolina

A gravitational wave passing through a pulsar will lead to a variation in the moment of inertia of the pulsar affecting its rotation. This will affect the extremely accurately measured spin rate of the pulsar as well as its pulse profile…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-17 Arpan Das , Shreyansh S. Dave , Oindrila Ganguly , Ajit M. Srivastava

Precision timing of highly stable milli-second pulsars is a promising technique for the detection of very low frequency sources of gravitational waves. In any single pulsar, a stochastic gravitational wave signal appears as an additional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-06-01 Neil J. Cornish , Laura M. Sampson

We study the observation of stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) made by pulsar-timing arrays in the spherical harmonic space. Instead of using the Shapiro time delay, we keep the Sachs-Wolfe line-of-sight integral for the timing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-14 Guo-Chin Liu , Kin-Wang Ng

Pulsar timing uses the highly stable pulsar spin period to investigate many astrophysical topics. In particular, pulsar timing arrays make use of a set of extremely well-timed pulsars and their time correlations as a challenging detector of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-12-16 Michele Maiorano , Francesco De Paolis , Achille A. Nucita

The pulsar timings are sensitive to both the nanohertz gravitational-wave background and the oscillation of ultralight dark matter. The Hellings-Downs angular correlation curve provides a criterion to search for stochastic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-14 Rong-Gen Cai , Jing-Rui Zhang , Yun-Long Zhang

Pulsar Timing Arrays have yet to convincingly observe gravitational waves. Some time ago it was pointed out by one of the authors that a dramatic enhancement of the signal would take place for particular values of the angle subtended by the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-04-16 Domènec Espriu , Luciano Gabbanelli , Marc Rodoreda

Efforts to detect gravitational waves by timing an array of pulsars have focused traditionally on stationary gravitational waves: e.g., stochastic or periodic signals. Gravitational wave bursts --- signals whose duration is much shorter…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Lee Samuel Finn , Andrea N. Lommen