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In a practical continuous-variable quantum-key distribution (CVQKD), the fluctuations of the local oscillator (LO) not only make the normalization of Bob's measurement outcomes difficult, but also can change the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-12 Xiang-Chun Ma , Shi-Hai Sun , Mu-Sheng Jiang , Ming Gui , Yan-Li Zhou , Lin-Mei Liang

Security bounds for key distribution protocols using coherent and squeezed states and homodyne measurements are presented. These bounds refer to (i) general attacks and (ii) collective attacks where Eve interacts individually with the sent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Miguel Navascues , Antonio Acin

The four-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) protocol has a long practical secure distance \cite{Leverrier_PRL_2009}, while it has the difficulty of parameter estimation. We propose an improved four-state protocol,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Jian Yang , Bingjie Xu , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

Free-space channels provide the possibility of establishing continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in global communication networks. However, the fluctuating nature of transmissivity in these channels introduces an extra…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-27 Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Nathan Walk , Timothy C. Ralph

In this work we focus on evaluating the effectiveness of two non-Gaussian operations, photon subtraction (PS) and quantum scissors (QS) in terms of Continuous Variable (CV)-Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over lossy channels. Each operation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-21 Eduardo Villaseñor , Robert Malaney

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) protocols with discrete modulation are interesting due to their experimental simplicity and their great potential for massive deployment in the quantum-secured networks, but their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-01 Jie Lin , Twesh Upadhyaya , Norbert Lütkenhaus

The security of a cryptographic key that is generated by communication through a noisy quantum channel relies on the ability to distill a shorter secure key sequence from a longer insecure one. We show that -- for protocols that use quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Dagomir Kaszlikowski , Jenn Yang Lim , Leong Chuang Kwek , Berthold-Georg Englert

Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are allowed to set up a secure secret key between two users. Compared with their full quantum counterparts, one of the two users is restricted to perform some "classical" or "semi-quantum" operations,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-16 Wei Zhang , Daowen Qiu , Paulo Mateus

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, the security of QKD protocols is depend on switching different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Hao Shu

Although multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) terahertz (THz) continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is theoretically secure, practical vulnerabilities may arise due to detector imperfections. This paper explores a CV…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Leixin Wu , Congtian Deng , Jiayu Pan , Lingtao Zhang , Yanyan Feng , Runbo Zhao , Yang Shen , Yuying Zhang , Jian Zhou

Quantum key distribution (QKD) refers to specific quantum strategies which permit the secure distribution of a secret key between two parties that wish to communicate secretly. Quantum cryptography has proven unconditionally secure in ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-14 C. Rodó , O. Romero-Isart , K. Eckert , A. Sanpera

We study information theoretical security for space links between a satellite and a ground-station. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a well established method for information theoretical secure communication, giving the eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-07 A. Vazquez-Castro , D. Rusca , H. Zbinden

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. Among QKD protocols, the BB84 scheme remains the most widely adopted for both theoretical research and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Jaydeep Rath , Prajwal Panth , P. S. N. Bhaskar

Information-theoretical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been convincingly proven in recent years and remarkable experiments have shown the potential of QKD for real world applications. Due to its unique capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-26 Marco Lucamarini , James F. Dynes , Bernd Fröhlich , Zhiliang Yuan , Andrew J. Shields

Phase reference calibration is a necessary procedure in practical continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) for the need of Bell-State Measurement (BSM). However, the phase reference…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-27 Hong-Xin Ma , Peng Huang , Tao Wang , Dong-Yun Bai , Shi-Yu Wang , Wan-Su Bao , Gui-Hua Zeng

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) enables a dealer to securely distribute keys to multiple players. Device-independent (DI) QSS can resist all possible attacks from practical imperfect devices and provide QSS the highest level of security in…

Decoy state method quantum key distribution (QKD) is one of the promising practical solutions to BB84 QKD with coherent light pulses. In the real world, however, statistical fluctuations with the finite code length cannot be negligible, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-25 Jun Hasegawa , Masahito Hayashi , Tohya Hiroshima , Akihisa Tomita

Establishing secure data communication necessitates secure key exchange over a public channel. Quantum key distribution (QKD), which leverages the principles of quantum physics, can achieve this with information-theoretic security. The…

The method of improving the performance of continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols by post-selection has been recently proposed and verified. In continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-30 Yijia Zhao , Yi-Chen Zhang , Bingjie Xu , Song Yu , Hong Guo

We provide an analysis of a new family of device independent quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with several novel features: (a) The bits used for the secret key do not come from the results of the measurements on an entangled state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 Ramij Rahaman , Matthew G. Parker , Piotr Mironowicz , Marcin Pawłowski