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Combinatorial optimization (CO) on graphs is a classic topic that has been extensively studied across many scientific and industrial fields. Recently, solving CO problems on graphs through learning methods has attracted great attention.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Ruibin Zeng , Minglong Lei , Lingfeng Niu , Lan Cheng

This study addresses the challenge of forming effective groups in collaborative problem-solving environments. Recognizing the complexity of human interactions and the necessity for efficient collaboration, we propose a novel approach…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zheng Fang , Fucai Ke , Jae Young Han , Zhijie Feng , Toby Cai

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have demonstrated promising results on complex tasks, yet often require impractical numbers of samples since they learn from scratch. Meta-RL aims to address this challenge by leveraging experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Russell Mendonca , Abhishek Gupta , Rosen Kralev , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Conventional feedback control methods can solve various types of robot control problems very efficiently by capturing the structure with explicit models, such as rigid body equations of motion. However, many control problems in modern…

Graph combinatorial optimization (GCO) has attracted growing interest, as many NP-hard problems naturally admit graph formulations, yet their combinatorial explosion renders exact methods computationally intractable. Recent advances in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Franco Terranova , Guillermo Bernardez , Albert Cabellos-Aparicio , Nina Miolane , Abdelkader Lahmadi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven to be a powerful tool for combinatorial optimization (CO) problems due to its ability to learn heuristics that can generalize across problem instances. However, integrating knowledge that will steer…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Qize Jiang , Linsey Pang , Alice Gatti , Mahima Aggarwal , Giovanna Vantini , Xiaosong Ma , Weiwei Sun , Sourav Medya , Sanjay Chawla

Reinforcement learning (RL) problems can be challenging without well-shaped rewards. Prior work on provably efficient RL methods generally proposes to address this issue with dedicated exploration strategies. However, another way to tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Qiyang Li , Yuexiang Zhai , Yi Ma , Sergey Levine

This manuscript surveys reinforcement learning from the perspective of optimization and control with a focus on continuous control applications. It surveys the general formulation, terminology, and typical experimental implementations of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-13 Benjamin Recht

Reasoning large language models (LLMs) excel in complex tasks, which has drawn significant attention to reinforcement learning (RL) for LLMs. However, existing approaches allocate an equal number of rollouts to all questions during the RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mengqi Liao , Xiangyu Xi , Ruinian Chen , Jia Leng , Yangen Hu , Ke Zeng , Shuai Liu , Huaiyu Wan

It has been verified that the linear programming (LP) is able to formulate many real-life optimization problems, which can obtain the optimum by resorting to corresponding solvers such as OptVerse, Gurobi and CPLEX. In the past decades, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Xijun Li , Qingyu Qu , Fangzhou Zhu , Jia Zeng , Mingxuan Yuan , Kun Mao , Jie Wang

A key barrier to using reinforcement learning (RL) in many real-world applications is the requirement of a large number of system interactions to learn a good control policy. Off-policy and Offline RL methods have been proposed to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Wenqi Cui , Linbin Huang , Weiwei Yang , Baosen Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful tool for neural combinatorial optimization, enabling models to learn heuristics that solve complex problems without requiring expert knowledge. Despite significant progress, existing RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Mingjun Pan , Guanquan Lin , You-Wei Luo , Bin Zhu , Zhien Dai , Lijun Sun , Chun Yuan

Reinforcement learning often needs to deal with the exponential growth of states and actions when exploring optimal control in high-dimensional spaces (often known as the curse of dimensionality). In this work, we address this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Yining Li , Peizhong Ju , Ness Shroff

Trial-and-error based reinforcement learning (RL) has seen rapid advancements in recent times, especially with the advent of deep neural networks. However, the majority of autonomous RL algorithms require a large number of interactions with…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Sanket Kamthe , Marc Peter Deisenroth

Despite their proficiency in various language tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with combinatorial problems like Satisfiability, Traveling Salesman Problem, or even basic arithmetic. We address this gap through a novel trial &…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Panagiotis Giannoulis , Yorgos Pantis , Christos Tzamos

Reinforcement learning (RL) has improved the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), yet state-of-the-art methods still fail to learn on many training problems. On hard problems, on-policy RL rarely explores even a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuxiao Qu , Amrith Setlur , Virginia Smith , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Aviral Kumar

One of the remaining challenges in reinforcement learning is to develop agents that can generalise to novel scenarios they might encounter once deployed. This challenge is often framed in a multi-task setting where agents train on a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Max Weltevrede , Felix Kaubek , Matthijs T. J. Spaan , Wendelin Böhmer

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning abilities of LLMs, yet a fundamental limitation remains: models cannot learn from problems that are too difficult to solve under their current policy, as these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Archiki Prasad , Zaid Khan , Joykirat Singh , Runchu Tian , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

In reinforcement learning, the graph Laplacian has proved to be a valuable tool in the task-agnostic setting, with applications ranging from skill discovery to reward shaping. Recently, learning the Laplacian representation has been framed…

Combinatorial optimization has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace to transportation planning and economics. The goal is to find an optimal solution among a finite set of possibilities. The well-known challenge one faces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Quentin Cappart , Thierry Moisan , Louis-Martin Rousseau , Isabeau Prémont-Schwarz , Andre Cire