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The interpretation of deep learning models is a challenge due to their size, complexity, and often opaque internal state. In addition, many systems, such as image classifiers, operate on low-level features rather than high-level concepts.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-05 Been Kim , Martin Wattenberg , Justin Gilmer , Carrie Cai , James Wexler , Fernanda Viegas , Rory Sayres

Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) offer insights into neural network decision-making by linking human friendly concepts to the model's internal feature extraction process. However, when a new set of CAVs is discovered, they must still be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Laines Schmalwasser , Jakob Gawlikowski , Joachim Denzler , Julia Niebling

Concept-based interpretability methods are a popular form of explanation for deep learning models which provide explanations in the form of high-level human interpretable concepts. These methods typically find concept activation vectors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Angus Nicolson , Yarin Gal , J. Alison Noble

Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) are a tool from explainable AI, offering a promising approach for understanding how human-understandable concepts are encoded in a model's latent spaces. They are computed from hidden-layer activations of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-28 Ekkehard Schnoor , Malik Tiomoko , Jawher Said , Alex Jung , Wojciech Samek

Interpretability methods for image classification assess model trustworthiness by attempting to expose whether the model is systematically biased or attending to the same cues as a human would. Saliency methods for feature attribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-08 Jacob Pfau , Albert T. Young , Jerome Wei , Maria L. Wei , Michael J. Keiser

Concepts such as objects, patterns, and shapes are how humans understand the world. Building on this intuition, concept-based explainability methods aim to study representations learned by deep neural networks in relation to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Laines Schmalwasser , Niklas Penzel , Joachim Denzler , Julia Niebling

With a growing interest in understanding neural network prediction strategies, Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) have emerged as a popular tool for modeling human-understandable concepts in the latent space. Commonly, CAVs are computed by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Frederik Pahde , Maximilian Dreyer , Leander Weber , Moritz Weckbecker , Christopher J. Anders , Thomas Wiegand , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin

Understanding complex machine learning models such as deep neural networks with explanations is crucial in various applications. Many explanations stem from the model perspective, and may not necessarily effectively communicate why the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Chih-Kuan Yeh , Been Kim , Pradeep Ravikumar

Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) provide a powerful approach for interpreting deep neural networks by quantifying their sensitivity to human-defined concepts. However, when computed independently at different layers, CAVs often exhibit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zhenghao He , Sanchit Sinha , Guangzhi Xiong , Aidong Zhang

One of the most pressing challenges in artificial intelligence is to make models more transparent to their users. Recently, explainable artificial intelligence has come up with numerous method to tackle this challenge. A promising avenue is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Julia Wenkmann , Damien Garreau

Deep learning based medical image classifiers have shown remarkable prowess in various application areas like ophthalmology, dermatology, pathology, and radiology. However, the acceptance of these Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems in…

We explore the interpretability of 3D geometric deep learning models in the context of Computer-Aided Design (CAD). The field of parametric CAD can be limited by the difficulty of expressing high-level design concepts in terms of a few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Stefan Druc , Aditya Balu , Peter Wooldridge , Adarsh Krishnamurthy , Soumik Sarkar

Humans use abstract concepts for understanding instead of hard features. Recent interpretability research has focused on human-centered concept explanations of neural networks. Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) estimate a model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Avani Gupta , Saurabh Saini , P J Narayanan

Convolutional neural network (CNN) models for computer vision are powerful but lack explainability in their most basic form. This deficiency remains a key challenge when applying CNNs in important domains. Recent work on explanations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Ruihan Zhang , Prashan Madumal , Tim Miller , Krista A. Ehinger , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

To interpret deep learning models, one mainstream is to explore the learned concepts by networks. Testing with Concept Activation Vector (TCAV) presents a powerful tool to quantify the contribution of query concepts (represented by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Andong Wang , Wei-Ning Lee

Traditional deep learning interpretability methods which are suitable for model users cannot explain network behaviors at the global level and are inflexible at providing fine-grained explanations. As a solution, concept-based explanations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Jinbin Huang , Aditi Mishra , Bum Chul Kwon , Chris Bryan

In explainable AI, Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) are typically obtained by training linear classifier probes to detect human-understandable concepts as directions in the activation space of deep neural networks. It is widely assumed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jacob Lysnæs-Larsen , Marte Eggen , Inga Strümke

Concept-based interpretability methods aim to explain deep neural network model predictions using a predefined set of semantic concepts. These methods evaluate a trained model on a new, "probe" dataset and correlate model predictions with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Vikram V. Ramaswamy , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Ruth Fong , Olga Russakovsky

Multimodal Emotion Recognition refers to the classification of input video sequences into emotion labels based on multiple input modalities (usually video, audio and text). In recent years, Deep Neural networks have shown remarkable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ashish Ramayee Asokan , Nidarshan Kumar , Anirudh Venkata Ragam , Shylaja S Sharath

Interpreting the inner workings of deep learning models is crucial for establishing trust and ensuring model safety. Concept-based explanations have emerged as a superior approach that is more interpretable than feature attribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Mara Graziani , Laura O' Mahony , An-Phi Nguyen , Henning Müller , Vincent Andrearczyk
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