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Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been used recently to align diffusion models with downstream objectives such as aesthetic quality and text-image consistency by fine-tuning them to maximize a single reward function under a fixed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Min Cheng , Fatemeh Doudi , Dileep Kalathil , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh , Panganamala R. Kumar

Recent work uses reinforcement learning (RL) to fine-tune text-to-image diffusion models, improving text-image alignment and sample quality. However, existing approaches introduce unnecessary complexity: they cache the full sampling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Yanting Miao , William Loh , Pacal Poupart , Suraj Kothawade

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a rapidly growing area of machine learning that finds its application in a broad range of domains, from finance and healthcare to robotics and gaming. Compared to other machine learning techniques, RL agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Geetansh Kalra , Divye Singh , Justin Jose

Novel architectures have recently improved generative image synthesis leading to excellent visual quality in various tasks. Of particular note is the field of ``AI-Art'', which has seen unprecedented growth with the emergence of powerful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Robin Rombach , Andreas Blattmann , Björn Ommer

We address the problem of fine-tuning pre-trained generative policies with reinforcement learning (RL) while preserving the multimodality of their action distributions. Existing methods for RL fine-tuning of generative policies (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alberta Longhini , David Emukpere , Jean-Michel Renders , Seungsu Kim

We introduce MotionRL, the first approach to utilize Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning (RL) for optimizing text-to-motion generation tasks and aligning them with human preferences. Previous works focused on improving numerical performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaoyang Liu , Yunyao Mao , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

While recent advancements in generative modeling have significantly improved text-image alignment, some residual misalignment between text and image representations still remains. Some approaches address this issue by fine-tuning models in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Jaa-Yeon Lee , Byunghee Cha , Jeongsol Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Training an agent to solve control tasks directly from high-dimensional images with model-free reinforcement learning (RL) has proven difficult. A promising approach is to learn a latent representation together with the control policy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Denis Yarats , Amy Zhang , Ilya Kostrikov , Brandon Amos , Joelle Pineau , Rob Fergus

A key barrier to using reinforcement learning (RL) in many real-world applications is the requirement of a large number of system interactions to learn a good control policy. Off-policy and Offline RL methods have been proposed to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Wenqi Cui , Linbin Huang , Weiwei Yang , Baosen Zhang

Despite the advances in text-to-image synthesis, particularly with diffusion models, generating visual instructions that require consistent representation and smooth state transitions of objects across sequential steps remains a formidable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Quynh Phung , Songwei Ge , Jia-Bin Huang

Diffusion models have revitalized the image generation domain, playing crucial roles in both academic research and artistic expression. With the emergence of new diffusion models, assessing the performance of text-to-image models has become…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Chutian Meng , Fan Ma , Jiaxu Miao , Chi Zhang , Yi Yang , Yueting Zhuang

Improving sample efficiency is central to Reinforcement Learning (RL), especially in environments where the rewards are sparse. Some recent approaches have proposed to specify reward functions as manually designed or learned reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Shuai Han , Mehdi Dastani , Shihan Wang

Autoregressive (AR) models remain the standard for natural language generation but still suffer from high latency due to strictly sequential decoding. Recent diffusion-inspired approaches, such as LlaDA and Dream, mitigate this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Qinglin Zhu , Yizhen Yao , Runcong Zhao , Yanzheng Xiang , Amrutha Saseendran , Chen Jin , Philip Teare , Bin Liang , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Generative Reward Models (GenRMs) and LLM-as-a-Judge exhibit deceptive alignment by producing correct judgments for incorrect reasons, as they are trained and evaluated to prioritize Outcome Accuracy, which undermines their ability to…

Despite impressive recent advances in text-to-image diffusion models, obtaining high-quality images often requires prompt engineering by humans who have developed expertise in using them. In this work, we present NeuroPrompts, an adaptive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shachar Rosenman , Vasudev Lal , Phillip Howard

Diffusion models have exhibited substantial success in text-to-image generation. However, they often encounter challenges when dealing with complex and dense prompts involving multiple objects, attribute binding, and long descriptions. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Mushui Liu , Yuhang Ma , Yang Zhen , Jun Dan , Yunlong Yu , Zeng Zhao , Zhipeng Hu , Bai Liu , Changjie Fan

Although diffusion models have achieved strong results in decision-making tasks, their slow inference speed remains a key limitation. While consistency models offer a potential solution, existing applications to decision-making either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xintong Duan , Yutong He , Fahim Tajwar , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , J. Zico Kolter , Jeff Schneider

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been proven to be an effective and robust method for training neural machine translation systems, especially when paired with powerful reward models that accurately assess translation quality. However, most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Miguel Moura Ramos , Tomás Almeida , Daniel Vareta , Filipe Azevedo , Sweta Agrawal , Patrick Fernandes , André F. T. Martins

Text-to-Image (T2I) diffusion/flow models have recently achieved remarkable progress in visual fidelity and text alignment. However, they remain limited when users need to precisely control image layouts, something that natural language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Amadou S. Sangare , Adrien Maglo , Mohamed Chaouch , Bertrand Luvison