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Operator scrambling is a crucial ingredient of quantum chaos. Specifically, in the quantum chaotic system, a simple operator can become increasingly complicated under unitary time evolution. This can be diagnosed by various measures such as…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-04-25 Xiao Chen , Tianci Zhou

We develop a geometric approach to operator growth and Krylov complexity in many-body quantum systems governed by symmetries. We start by showing a direct link between a unitary evolution with the Liouvillian and the displacement operator…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-10-05 Pawel Caputa , Javier M. Magan , Dimitrios Patramanis

Quantum information scrambling refers to the loss of local recoverability of quantum information, which has found widespread attention from high energy physics to quantum computing. In the present analysis we propose a possible starting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 Akram Touil , Sebastian Deffner

Krylov complexity is a novel measure of operator complexity that exhibits universal behavior and bounds a large class of other measures. In this letter, we generalize Krylov complexity from a closed system to an open system coupled to a…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-08-11 Chang Liu , Haifeng Tang , Hui Zhai

We study operator complexity on various time scales with emphasis on those much larger than the scrambling period. We use, for systems with a large but finite number of degrees of freedom, the notion of K-complexity employed in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-01-08 J. L. F. Barbon , E. Rabinovici , R. Shir , R. Sinha

We investigate operator growth in a Brownian spin Sachdev--Ye--Kitaev (SYK) model with random all-to-all interactions, focusing on the full operator-size distribution. For Hamiltonians containing interactions of order two up to $L$, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Tingfei Li , Miao Wang , Jianghui Yu

In this paper we study the notion of complexity under time evolution in chaotic quantum systems with holographic duals. Continuing on from our previous work, we turn our attention to the issue of Krylov complexity upon the insertion of a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-03-10 Marco Ambrosini , Eliezer Rabinovici , Adrián Sánchez-Garrido , Ruth Shir , Julian Sonner

We apply a notion of quantum complexity, called "Krylov complexity", to study the evolution of systems from integrability to chaos. For this purpose we investigate the integrable XXZ spin chain, enriched with an integrability breaking…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-08-12 E. Rabinovici , A. Sánchez-Garrido , R. Shir , J. Sonner

In Hermitian systems, Krylov complexity has emerged as a powerful diagnostic of quantum dynamics, capable of distinguishing chaotic from integrable phases, in agreement with established probes such as spectral statistics and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-12 Matteo Baggioli , Kyoung-Bum Huh , Hyun-Sik Jeong , Xuhao Jiang , Keun-Young Kim , Juan F. Pedraza

The principle of entropy increase is not only the basis of statistical mechanics, but also closely related to the irreversibility of time, the origin of life, chaos and turbulence. In this paper, we first discuss the dynamic system…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-10-11 Zou Dan Dan

Operator spreading provides a new characterization of quantum chaos beyond the semi-classical limit. There are two complementary views of how the characteristic size of an operator, also known as the butterfly light cone, grows under…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-05-13 Tianci Zhou , Éric Brunet , Xiaolin Qi

We study a class of many body chaotic models related to the Brownian Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. An emergent symmetry maps the quantum dynamics into a classical stochastic process. Thus we are able to study many dynamical properties at finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-22 Shunyu Yao

The growth of simple operators is essential for the emergence of chaotic dynamics and quantum thermalization. Recent studies have proposed different measures, including the out-of-time-order correlator and Krylov complexity. It is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Liangyu Chen , Baoyuan Mu , Huajia Wang , Pengfei Zhang

In this work we study the relationship between quantum random walks on graphs and Krylov/spread complexity. We show that the latter's definition naturally emerges through a canonical method of reducing a graph to a chain, on which we can…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-24 Dimitrios Patramanis , Watse Sybesma

Interaction in quantum systems can spread initially localized quantum information into the many degrees of freedom of the entire system. Understanding this process, known as quantum scrambling, is the key to resolving various conundrums in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-10 Xiao Mi , Pedram Roushan , Chris Quintana , Salvatore Mandra , Jeffrey Marshall , Charles Neill , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Joseph C. Bardin , Rami Barends , Andreas Bengtsson , Sergio Boixo , Alexandre Bourassa , Michael Broughton , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Zijun Chen , Benjamin Chiaro , Roberto Collins , William Courtney , Sean Demura , Alan R. Derk , Andrew Dunsworth , Daniel Eppens , Catherine Erickson , Edward Farhi , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Craig Gidney , Marissa Giustina , Jonathan A. Gross , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeremy Hilton , Alan Ho , Sabrina Hong , Trent Huang , William J. Huggins , L. B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Dvir Kafri , Julian Kelly , Seon Kim , Alexei Kitaev , Paul V. Klimov , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Erik Lucero , Orion Martin , Jarrod R. McClean , Trevor McCourt , Matt McEwen , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Masoud Mohseni , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Josh Mutus , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Michael Newman , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Thomas E. O'Brien , Alex Opremcak , Eric Ostby , Balint Pato , Andre Petukhov , Nicholas Redd , Nicholas C. Rubin , Daniel Sank , Kevin J. Satzinger , Vladimir Shvarts , Doug Strain , Marco Szalay , Matthew D. Trevithick , Benjamin Villalonga , Theodore White , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Adam Zalcman , Hartmut Neven , Igor Aleiner , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Yu Chen

We discuss the probability distribution for the "size" of a time-evolving operator in the SYK model. Scrambling is related to the fact that as time passes, the distribution shifts towards larger operators. Initially, the rate is exponential…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-08-01 Daniel A. Roberts , Douglas Stanford , Alexandre Streicher

In quantum many-body systems, time-evolved states typically remain confined to a smaller region of the Hilbert space known as the $\textit{Krylov subspace}$. The time evolution can be mapped onto a one-dimensional problem of a particle…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-09-01 Hugo A. Camargo , Yichao Fu , Viktor Jahnke , Keun-Young Kim , Kuntal Pal

The question of thermalization in quantum many-body systems has long been studied through the properties of matrix elements of operators corresponding to local observables. More recently, the focus has shifted to the dynamics of operators,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Vijay Ganesh Sadhasivam , Jan M. Rost , Stuart C. Althorpe

The concepts of operator size and computational complexity play important roles in the study of quantum chaos and holographic duality because they help characterize the structure of time-evolving Heisenberg operators. It is particularly…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-03-09 Shao-Kai Jian , Brian Swingle , Zhuo-Yu Xian

We introduce a simple quantum generalization of the spectrum of classical Lyapunov exponents. We apply it to the SYK and XXZ models, and study the Lyapunov growth and entropy production. Our numerical results suggest that a black hole is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-15 Hrant Gharibyan , Masanori Hanada , Brian Swingle , Masaki Tezuka