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We present a design framework called Conversational Learning with Analytical Step-by-Step Strategies (CLASS) for building advanced Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) powered by high-performance Large Language Models (LLMs). The CLASS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Shashank Sonkar , Naiming Liu , Debshila Basu Mallick , Richard G. Baraniuk

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) have shown great potential in delivering personalized and adaptive education, but their widespread adoption has been hindered by the need for specialized programming and design skills. Existing approaches…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Tommaso Calo , Christopher J. MacLellan

The emergence of generative AI has accelerated the development of conversational tutoring systems that interact with students through natural language dialogue. Unlike prior intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), which largely function as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kirk Vanacore , Ryan S. Baker , Avery H. Closser , Jeremy Roschelle

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a great potential to serve as readily available and cost-efficient Conversational Intelligent Tutoring Systems (CITS) for teaching L2 learners of English. Existing CITS, however, are designed to teach only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Soonwoo Kwon , Sojung Kim , Minju Park , Seunghyun Lee , Kyuseok Kim

The prevailing approach to distilling reasoning from Large Language Models (LLMs)-behavioral cloning from textual rationales-is fundamentally limited. It teaches Small Language Models (SLMs) to mimic surface-level patterns rather than the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xiangyu Wen , Junhua Huang , Zeju Li , Min Li , Jianyuan Zhong , Zhijian Xu , Mingxuan Yuan , Yongxiang Huang , Qiang Xu

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) using artificial intelligence (AI) technology have shown promise in supporting learners with diverse abilities. Large language models (LLMs) provide new opportunities to incorporate personas to AI-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Haocong Cheng , Si Chen , Christopher Perdriau , Shriya Mokkapati , Yun Huang

Adaptive scaffolding enhances learning, yet the field lacks robust methods for measuring it within authentic tutoring dialogue. This gap has become more pressing with the rise of remote human tutoring and large language model-based systems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Conrad Borchers , Jiayi Zhang , Ashish Gurung

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) have significantly enhanced adult literacy training, a key factor for societal participation, employment opportunities, and lifelong learning. Our study investigates the application of advanced AI models,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Liang Zhang , Jionghao Lin , Conrad Borchers , John Sabatini , John Hollander , Meng Cao , Xiangen Hu

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing educational technology by enabling highly personalized and adaptive learning environments within Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). This report delves into the integration of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Subhankar Maity , Aniket Deroy

Nowadays, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are so regarded in order to improve education quality via new technologies in this area. One of the problems is that the language of ITSs is different from the learner's. It forces the learners…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2013-04-17 Hossein Movafegh Ghadirli , Maryam Rastgarpour

This survey organizes the intricate literature on the design and optimization of emerging structures around post-trained LMs. We refer to this overarching structure as scaffolded LMs and focus on LMs that are integrated into multi-step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Matthieu Lin , Jenny Sheng , Andrew Zhao , Shenzhi Wang , Yang Yue , Victor Shea Jay Huang , Huan Liu , Jun Liu , Gao Huang , Yong-Jin Liu

Large language models (LLMs) present new opportunities for creating pedagogical agents that engage in meaningful dialogue to support student learning. However, current LLM systems used in classrooms often lack the solid theoretical…

One-to-one tutoring is one of the most efficient methods of teaching. With the growing popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), there have been efforts to create LLM based conversational tutors which can expand the benefits of one to one…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Romain Puech , Jakub Macina , Julia Chatain , Mrinmaya Sachan , Manu Kapur

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has made them powerful tools for enhancing student writing. This study explores the extent and limitations of LLMs in assisting secondary-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Hengky Susanto , David James Woo , Chingyi Yeung , Stephanie Wing Yan Lo-Philip , Chi Ho Yeung

We introduce meta-prompting, an effective scaffolding technique designed to enhance the functionality of language models (LMs). This approach transforms a single LM into a multi-faceted conductor, adept at managing and integrating multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Mirac Suzgun , Adam Tauman Kalai

The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) focuses on the intersection of technology, education, and psychology, placing a strong emphasis on supporting learners' needs with compassion and understanding. The growing prominence…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-14 John Stamper , Ruiwei Xiao , Xinying Hou

As the recent Large Language Models(LLM's) become increasingly competent in zero-shot and few-shot reasoning across various domains, educators are showing a growing interest in leveraging these LLM's in conversation-based tutoring systems.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Minju Park , Sojung Kim , Seunghyun Lee , Soonwoo Kwon , Kyuseok Kim

Large language models (LLMs) are promising tools for scaffolding students' English writing skills, but their effectiveness in real-time K-12 classrooms remains underexplored. Addressing this gap, our study examines the benefits and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Junho Myung , Hyunseung Lim , Hana Oh , Hyoungwook Jin , Nayeon Kang , So-Yeon Ahn , Hwajung Hong , Alice Oh , Juho Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as learning companions, providing scaffolded explanations, hints, or step-by-step guidance. However, in current LLM-based learning scenarios, scaffolded content is primarily consumed…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixin Chen , Haotian Li , Zhe Liu , Huamin Qu , Xing Xie

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) demonstrate their potential as educational tutors. However, different tutoring strategies benefit different student personalities, and mismatches can be counterproductive to student outcomes.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Donya Rooein , Sankalan Pal Chowdhury , Mariia Eremeeva , Yuan Qin , Debora Nozza , Mrinmaya Sachan , Dirk Hovy