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Threshold estimation is central to fault-tolerant quantum computing, but the reported threshold depends not only on the code and noise model, but also on the decoder used to interpret syndrome data. We study this dependence for surface-code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo , Chinonso Onah , Leonardo Goliatt , Sven Groppe

It is well-known in the field of lossless data compression that probabilistic next-symbol prediction can be used to compress sequences of symbols. Deep neural networks are able to capture rich dependencies in data, offering a powerful means…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Aviv Adler , Jennifer Tang

A fault-tolerant quantum computation requires an efficient means to detect and correct errors that accumulate in encoded quantum information. In the context of machine learning, neural networks are a promising new approach to quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-01 P. Baireuther , T. E. O'Brien , B. Tarasinski , C. W. J. Beenakker

Window decoding, first proposed to reduce decoding complexity for real-time decoding, is an essential component to realize scalable, universal-fault tolerant computation. Prior work has focused on improving throughput through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Tina Oberoi , Joshua Viszlai , Frederic T. Chong

Decoding low-density parity-check codes is critical in many current technologies, such as fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks and satellite communications. The belief propagation algorithm allows for fast decoding due to the low density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-12 Sheila M. Perez-Garcia , Ashley Montanaro

We introduce ReALLM, a novel approach for compression and memory-efficient adaptation of pre-trained language models that encompasses most of the post-training quantization and fine-tuning methods for a budget of <4 bits. Pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Louis Leconte , Lisa Bedin , Van Minh Nguyen , Eric Moulines

Error correcting codes use multi-qubit measurements to realize fault-tolerant quantum logic steps. In fact, the resources needed to scale-up fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware are largely set by this task. Tailoring next-generation…

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers hinges on the construction of high-speed, high-accuracy, real-time decoding systems. The persistent challenge lies in the fundamental trade-off between speed and accuracy: efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Riki Toshio , Kaito Kishi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Post-selection strategies that discard low-confidence computational results can significantly improve the effective fidelity of quantum error correction at the cost of reduced acceptance rates, which can be particularly useful for offline…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Seok-Hyung Lee , Lucas H. English , Stephen D. Bartlett

Recent progress in quantum computing has enabled systems with tens of reliable logical qubits, built from thousands of noisy physical qubits. However, many impactful applications demand quantum computations with millions of logical qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Daiki Komoto , Kenta Kasai

The realization of scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing is expected to hinge on quantum error-correcting codes. In the quest for more efficient quantum fault tolerance, a critical code parameter is the weight of measurements that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 Austin Yubo He , Zi-Wen Liu

Color codes are a leading class of topological quantum error-correcting codes with modest error thresholds and structural compatibility with two-dimensional architectures, which make them well-suited for fault-tolerant quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Nitish Kumar Chandra , David Tipper , Reza Nejabati , Eneet Kaur , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

We present a two-step decoder for the parity code and evaluate its performance in code-capacity and faulty-measurement settings. For noiseless measurements, we find that the decoding problem can be reduced to a series of repetition codes…

Qubit loss is a major source of error in quantum computation, as it invalidates the algebraic structure of the standard stabilizer formalism for quantum error-correcting codes. On the one hand, it complicates decoding; on the other hand, it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Yuqing Wang , Xiaotian Nie , Jiale Dai , Zhongyi Ni , Tao Zhang , Hui Zhai , Linghui Chen

Prompt Tuning (PT) enables the adaptation of Pre-trained Large Language Models (PLMs) to downstream tasks by optimizing a small amount of soft virtual tokens, which are prepended to the input token embeddings. Recently, Decomposed Prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Pengwei Tang , Xiaolin Hu , Yong Liu

Quantum error correction of a surface code or repetition code requires the pairwise matching of error events in a space-time graph of qubit measurements, such that the total weight of the matching is minimized. The input weights follow from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 S. T. Spitz , B. Tarasinski , C. W. J. Beenakker , T. E. O'Brien

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

Embedding tables are usually huge in click-through rate (CTR) prediction models. To train and deploy the CTR models efficiently and economically, it is necessary to compress their embedding tables at the training stage. To this end, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Shiwei Li , Huifeng Guo , Lu Hou , Wei Zhang , Xing Tang , Ruiming Tang , Rui Zhang , Ruixuan Li

Prange's information set algorithm is a decoding algorithm for arbitrary linear codes. It decodes corrupted codewords of any $\mathbb{F}_2$-linear code $C$ of message length $n$ up to relative error rate $O(\log n / n)$ in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Andrej Bogdanov , Rohit Chatterjee , Yunqi Li , Prashant Nalini Vasudevan

Quantum error correction codes (QECC) are a key component for realizing the potential of quantum computing. QECC, as its classical counterpart (ECC), enables the reduction of error rates, by distributing quantum logical information across…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Yoni Choukroun , Lior Wolf