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While deep neural network models offer unmatched classification performance, they are prone to learning spurious correlations in the data. Such dependencies on confounding information can be difficult to detect using performance metrics if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Susu Sun , Lisa M. Koch , Christian F. Baumgartner

During a research project in which we developed a machine learning (ML) driven visualization system for non-ML experts, we reflected on interpretability research in ML, computer-supported collaborative work and human-computer interaction.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jesse Josua Benjamin , Christoph Kinkeldey , Claudia Müller-Birn , Tim Korjakow , Eva-Maria Herbst

Prediction without justification has limited applicability. As a remedy, we learn to extract pieces of input text as justifications -- rationales -- that are tailored to be short and coherent, yet sufficient for making the same prediction.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-04 Tao Lei , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Explanations are hypothesized to improve human understanding of machine learning models and achieve a variety of desirable outcomes, ranging from model debugging to enhancing human decision making. However, empirical studies have found…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Chacha Chen , Shi Feng , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

A wide variety of model explanation approaches have been proposed in recent years, all guided by very different rationales and heuristics. In this paper, we take a new route and cast interpretability as a statistical inference problem. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Hugo Henri Joseph Senetaire , Damien Garreau , Jes Frellsen , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

LLMs deployed multilingually are often audited via English explanations for non-English inputs. We evaluate extractive explanations ''where the model identifies input token spans as evidence alongside a generated rationale'' and uncover a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Somnath Banerjee , Pranav Jha , Rima Hazra , Animesh Mukherjee

The trade-off between accuracy and interpretability has long been a challenge in machine learning (ML). This tension is particularly significant for emerging interpretable-by-design methods, which aim to redesign ML algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Geyu Liang , Senne Michielssen , Salar Fattahi

Saliency methods are widely used to interpret neural network predictions, but different variants of saliency methods often disagree even on the interpretations of the same prediction made by the same model. In these cases, how do we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Shuoyang Ding , Philipp Koehn

Concurrent to the rapid progress in the development of neural-network based models in areas like natural language processing and computer vision, the need for creating explanations for the predictions of these black-box models has risen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Marc Brinner , Sina Zarriess

Machine learning (ML) model explainability has received growing attention, especially in the area related to model risk and regulations. In this paper, we reviewed and compared some popular ML model explainability methodologies, especially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Shafie Gholizadeh , Nengfeng Zhou

Training data influence estimation methods quantify the contribution of training documents to a model's output, making them a promising source of information for example-based explanations. As humans cannot interpret thousands of documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Loris Schoenegger , Benjamin Roth

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance and have revolutionized NLP, but their lack of explainability keeps them treated as black boxes, limiting their use in domains that demand transparency and trust. A promising direction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bar Alon , Itamar Zimerman , Lior Wolf

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) like BERT are being used for almost all language-related tasks, but interpreting their behavior still remains a significant challenge and many important questions remain largely unanswered. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Samuel Stevens , Yu Su

Recommender systems, while a powerful decision making tool, are often operationalized as black box models, such that their AI algorithms are not accessible or interpretable by human operators. This in turn can cause confusion and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Divya Srivastava , Karen M. Feigh

There have been several research works proposing new Explainable AI (XAI) methods designed to generate model explanations having specific properties, or desiderata, such as fidelity, robustness, or human-interpretability. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Sérgio Jesus , Catarina Belém , Vladimir Balayan , João Bento , Pedro Saleiro , Pedro Bizarro , João Gama

Explanation faithfulness of model predictions in natural language processing is typically evaluated on held-out data from the same temporal distribution as the training data (i.e. synchronous settings). While model performance often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Zhixue Zhao , George Chrysostomou , Kalina Bontcheva , Nikolaos Aletras

Existing approaches to explaining deep learning models in NLP usually suffer from two major drawbacks: (1) the main model and the explaining model are decoupled: an additional probing or surrogate model is used to interpret an existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Zijun Sun , Chun Fan , Qinghong Han , Xiaofei Sun , Yuxian Meng , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

Current natural language understanding (NLU) models have been continuously scaling up, both in terms of model size and input context, introducing more hidden and input neurons. While this generally improves performance on average, the extra…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yunchang Zhu , Liang Pang , Kangxi Wu , Yanyan Lan , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

This paper provides empirical concerns about post-hoc explanations of black-box ML models, one of the major trends in AI explainability (XAI), by showing its lack of interpretability and societal consequences. Using a representative…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Jean-Marie John-Mathews

End-to-end neural Natural Language Processing (NLP) models are notoriously difficult to understand. This has given rise to numerous efforts towards model explainability in recent years. One desideratum of model explanation is faithfulness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Qing Lyu , Marianna Apidianaki , Chris Callison-Burch