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To successfully launch automated vehicles into the consumer market, there must be credible proof that the vehicles will operate safely. However, finding a method to validate the vehicles' safe operation is a challenging problem. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Markus Steimle , Nico Weber , Markus Maurer

Scenario-based testing is a key method for cost-effective and safe validation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing approaches rely on imperative scenario definitions, requiring developers to manually enumerate numerous variants to achieve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ezio Bartocci , Alessio Gambi , Felix Gigler , Cristinel Mateis , Dejan Ničković

To test automated driving systems, we present a case study for finding critical scenarios in driving environments guided by formal specifications. To that aim, we devise a framework for critical scenario identification, which we base on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-10 Adam Molin , Edgar A. Aguilar , Dejan Ničković , Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Hasan Esen

A major challenge in the safety assessment of automated vehicles is to ensure that risk for all traffic participants is as low as possible. A concept that is becoming increasingly popular for testing in automated driving is scenario-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Maximilian Zipfl , Barbara Schütt , J. Marius Zöllner , Eric Sax

Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen

Scenario-based testing is considered state-of-the-art to verify and validate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems or Automated Driving Systems. Due to the official launch of the SOTIF-standard (ISO 21448), scenario-based testing becomes more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Lukas Birkemeyer , Christian King , Ina Schaefer

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to increase traffic safety and traffic efficiency, among others by enabling flexible mobility-on-demand systems. This is particularly important in Singapore, being one of the world's most densely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-20 J. Ploeg , E. de Gelder , M. Slavík , E. Querner , T. Webster , N. de Boer

The verification and validation of automated and autonomous driving systems impose a major challenge, especially the identification of suitable test scenarios. This work presents a methodology that adopts metaheuristic search to optimize…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Florian Hauer , Bernd Holzmüller

Autonomous driving systems are typically verified based on scenarios. To represent the positions and movements of cars in these scenarios, diagrams that utilize icons are typically employed. However, the interpretation of such diagrams is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Toshiaki Aoki , Takashi Tomita , Tatsuji Kawai , Daisuke Kawakami , Nobuo Chida

Simulation-based testing of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has become an essential complement to road testing to ensure safety. Consequently, substantial research has focused on searching for failure scenarios in simulation. However, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Edward Kim , Jay Shenoy , Sebastian Junges , Daniel Fremont , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Sanjit Seshia

The scenario approach is an established data-driven design framework that comes equipped with a powerful theory linking design complexity to generalization properties. In this approach, data are simultaneously used both for design and for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-18 Algo Carè , Marco C. Campi , Simone Garatti

For autonomous vehicles, safe navigation in complex environments depends on handling a broad range of diverse and rare driving scenarios. Simulation- and scenario-based testing have emerged as key approaches to development and validation of…

The introduction of automated vehicles without permanent human supervision demands a functional system description, including functional system boundaries and a comprehensive safety analysis. These inputs to the technical development can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Gerrit Bagschik , Till Menzel , Markus Maurer

Large steps are being taken by the industry and R&D organizations in automated driving technology development, as well as in setting up appropriate scenario-based safety assessment methods. In this paper a concept framework is proposed for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-17 Olaf Op den Camp , Jacco van de Sluis

Scenario-based testing is an indispensable instrument for the comprehensive validation and verification of automated vehicles (AVs). However, finding a manageable and finite, yet representative subset of scenarios in a scalable, possibly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ferdinand Mütsch , Maximilian Zipfl , Nikolai Polley , J. Marius Zöllner

Game-based interactive driving simulations have emerged as versatile platforms for advancing decision-making algorithms in road transport mobility. While these environments offer safe, scalable, and engaging settings for testing driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhihao Lin , Zhen Tian

Ensuring validation for highly automated driving poses significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of highly automated vehicles. Scenario-based testing offers a potential solution by reducing the homologation effort required for these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Maximilian Zipfl , Moritz Jarosch , J. Marius Zöllner

The selection of relevant test scenarios for the scenario-based testing and safety validation of automated driving systems (ADSs) remains challenging. An important aspect of the relevance of a scenario is the challenge it poses for an ADS.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Lennart Vater , Sven Tarlowski , Michael Schuldes , Lutz Eckstein

The automotive industry is experiencing a transition from assisted to highly automated driving. New concepts for validation of Automated Driving System (ADS) include amongst other a shift from a "technology based" approach to a "scenario…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Ilona Cieslik , Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez , Helmut Martin , Heiko Scharke , Hannes Schneider

This paper studies the class of scenario-based safety testing algorithms in the black-box safety testing configuration. For algorithms sharing the same state-action set coverage with different sampling distributions, it is commonly believed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Bowen Weng , Guillermo A. Castillo , Wei Zhang , Ayonga Hereid