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Time plays a critical role in how information is generated, retrieved, and interpreted. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of Temporal Question Answering (TQA), a research area that focuses on answering questions involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamshid Mozafari , Avishek Anand , Adam Jatowt

Question answering over temporal knowledge graphs (KGs) efficiently uses facts contained in a temporal KG, which records entity relations and when they occur in time, to answer natural language questions (e.g., "Who was the president of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Chao Shang , Guangtao Wang , Peng Qi , Jing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have advanced complex question answering, yet they often remain susceptible to failure when their initial high-level reasoning plan is flawed. This limitation, analogous to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 MinGyu Jeon , SuWan Cho , JaeYoung Shu

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) is an extension of regular knowledge graph by attaching the time scope. Existing temporal knowledge graph question answering (TKGQA) models solely approach simple questions, owing to the prior assumption that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Rikui Huang , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Wenfeng Xie , Xianling Mao , Dangyang Chen

Knowledge Graph Question Answering (KGQA) systems are based on machine learning algorithms, requiring thousands of question-answer pairs as training examples or natural language processing pipelines that need module fine-tuning. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Daniel Vollmers , Rricha Jalota , Diego Moussallem , Hardik Topiwala , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo , Ricardo Usbeck

Knowledge graphs (KGs) have received increasing attention due to its wide applications on natural language processing. However, its use case on temporal question answering (QA) has not been well-explored. Most of existing methods are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Yonghao Liu , Di Liang , Fang Fang , Sirui Wang , Wei Wu , Rui Jiang

Spatio-temporal knowledge graphs (STKGs) enhance traditional KGs by integrating temporal and spatial annotations, enabling precise reasoning over questions with spatio-temporal dependencies. Despite their potential, research on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Xinbang Dai , Huiying Li , Nan Hu , Yongrui Chen , Rihui Jin , Huikang Hu , Guilin Qi

The rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have ignited interest in the temporal knowledge graph (tKG) domain, where conventional embedding-based and rule-based methods dominate. The question remains open of whether pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Ruotong Liao , Xu Jia , Yangzhe Li , Yunpu Ma , Volker Tresp

Pre-trained large language models (PLLMs) like OpenAI ChatGPT and Google Gemini face challenges such as inaccurate factual recall, hallucinations, biases, and future data leakage for temporal Knowledge Graph (tKG) forecasting. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Geethan Sannidhi , Sagar Srinivas Sakhinana , Venkataramana Runkana

Question answering over knowledge graphs (KG-QA) is a vital topic in IR. Questions with temporal intent are a special class of practical importance, but have not received much attention in research. This work presents EXAQT, the first…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Zhen Jia , Soumajit Pramanik , Rishiraj Saha Roy , Gerhard Weikum

Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) represent dynamic facts as timestamped relations between entities. TKG completion involves forecasting missing or future links, requiring models to reason over time-evolving structure. While LLMs show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Ömer Faruk Akgül , Feiyu Zhu , Yuxin Yang , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Reasoning over Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) aims to predict future facts based on given history. One of the key challenges for prediction is to learn the evolution of facts. Most existing works focus on exploring evolutionary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Yuwei Xia , Mengqi Zhang , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Xiao-Yu Zhang

Reasoning in a temporal knowledge graph (TKG) is a critical task for information retrieval and semantic search. It is particularly challenging when the TKG is updated frequently. The model has to adapt to changes in the TKG for efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Jiapeng Wu , Yishi Xu , Yingxue Zhang , Chen Ma , Mark Coates , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (KGQA) aims to seek answer entities for the natural language question from a large-scale Knowledge Graph~(KG). To better perform reasoning on KG, recent work typically adopts a pre-trained language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Jinhao Jiang , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities but struggle with hallucinations and limited transparency. Recently, KG-enhanced LLMs that integrate knowledge graphs (KGs) have been shown to improve reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Minbae Park , Hyemin Yang , Jeonghyun Kim , Kunsoo Park , Hyunjoon Kim

Question answering over temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) is crucial for understanding evolving facts and relationships, yet its development is hindered by limited datasets and difficulties in generating custom QA pairs. We propose a novel…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Qiang Sun , Sirui Li , Du Huynh , Mark Reynolds , Wei Liu

Answering questions over domain-specific graphs requires a tailored approach due to the limited number of relations and the specific nature of the domain. Our approach integrates classic logical programming languages into large language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Navid Madani , Rohini K. Srihari , Kenneth Joseph

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) support reasoning over time-evolving facts, yet state-of-the-art models are often computationally heavy and costly to deploy. Existing compression and distillation techniques are largely designed for static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Wang Xing , Wei Song , Siyu Lin , Chen Wu , Man Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on knowledge graph question answering (KGQA) tasks by planning and interacting with knowledge graphs. However, existing methods often confuse tool utilization with knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Mufan Xu , Gewen Liang , Kehai Chen , Wei Wang , Xun Zhou , Muyun Yang , Tiejun Zhao , Min Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offer a promising approach to robust and explainable Question Answering (QA). While LLMs excel at natural language understanding, they suffer from knowledge gaps and hallucinations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jasper Linders , Jakub M. Tomczak