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Related papers: Laying Anchors: Semantically Priming Numerals in L…

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This work presents an analytical framework for the design and analysis of LLM-based algorithms, i.e., algorithms that contain one or multiple calls of large language models (LLMs) as sub-routines and critically rely on the capabilities of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Anchors (Ribeiro et al., 2018) is a post-hoc, rule-based interpretability method. For text data, it proposes to explain a decision by highlighting a small set of words (an anchor) such that the model to explain has similar outputs when they…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-22 Gianluigi Lopardo , Frederic Precioso , Damien Garreau

As the core component of Natural Language Processing (NLP) system, Language Model (LM) can provide word representation and probability indication of word sequences. Neural Network Language Models (NNLMs) overcome the curse of dimensionality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Kun Jing , Jungang Xu

Numeracy is the ability to understand and work with numbers. It is a necessary skill for composing and understanding documents in clinical, scientific, and other technical domains. In this paper, we explore different strategies for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Georgios P. Spithourakis , Sebastian Riedel

Numbers are essential components of text, like any other word tokens, from which natural language processing (NLP) models are built and deployed. Though numbers are typically not accounted for distinctly in most NLP tasks, there is still an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Vivek Subramanian , Guoyin Wang , Liyan Xu , Lawrence Carin

Neural networks can be trained to rank the choices made by logical reasoners, resulting in more efficient searches for answers. A key step in this process is creating useful embeddings, i.e., numeric representations of logical statements.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yifan Zhang , Yasir White , Dean Clark , Joseph Sanchez , Jevon Lipsey , Ashely Hirst , Jeff Heflin

Understanding transformer-based language models is becoming increasingly crucial, particularly as they play pivotal roles in advancing towards artificial general intelligence. However, language model research faces significant challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Zhongwang Zhang , Zhiwei Wang , Junjie Yao , Zhangchen Zhou , Xiaolong Li , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Pretrained language models (LMs) are prone to arithmetic errors. Existing work showed limited success in probing numeric values from models' representations, indicating that these errors can be attributed to the inherent unreliability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Marek Kadlčík , Michal Štefánik , Timothee Mickus , Michal Spiegel , Josef Kuchař

Large language models (LLMs) have opened new paradigms in optimization modeling by enabling the generation of executable solver code from natural language descriptions. Despite this promise, existing approaches typically remain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yansen Zhang , Qingcan Kang , Yujie Chen , Yufei Wang , Xiongwei Han , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan , Chen Ma

Recent success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has stimulated interest in their ability to understand and work with numbers. Yet, the numerical reasoning over measurements has not been formally studied despite their importance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Sungjin Park , Seungwoo Ryu , Edward Choi

Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Raja Marjieh , Veniamin Veselovsky , Thomas L. Griffiths , Ilia Sucholutsky

Large pre-trained language models (LMs) are known to encode substantial amounts of linguistic information. However, high-level reasoning skills, such as numerical reasoning, are difficult to learn from a language-modeling objective only.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Mor Geva , Ankit Gupta , Jonathan Berant

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems commonly leverage bag-of-words co-occurrence techniques to capture semantic and syntactic word relationships. The resulting word-level distributed representations often ignore morphological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Andrew Trask , David Gilmore , Matthew Russell

Particularly in low-data regimes, an outstanding challenge in machine learning is developing principled techniques for augmenting our models with suitable priors. This is to encourage them to learn in ways that are compatible with our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Kristy Choi , Chris Cundy , Sanjari Srivastava , Stefano Ermon

Language modeling studies the probability distributions over strings of texts. It is one of the most fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP). It has been widely used in text generation, speech recognition, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chengwei Wei , Yun-Cheng Wang , Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

The transformer-based pre-trained language models have been tremendously successful in most of the conventional NLP tasks. But they often struggle in those tasks where numerical understanding is required. Some possible reasons can be the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Kuntal Kumar Pal , Chitta Baral

Large language models (LLMs) frequently make errors when handling even simple numerical problems, such as comparing two small numbers. A natural hypothesis is that these errors stem from how LLMs represent numbers, and specifically, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Amit Arnold Levy , Mor Geva

Learning high-quality text representations is fundamental to a wide range of NLP tasks. While encoder pretraining has traditionally relied on Masked Language Modeling (MLM), recent evidence suggests that decoder models pretrained with…

NLP systems rarely give special consideration to numbers found in text. This starkly contrasts with the consensus in neuroscience that, in the brain, numbers are represented differently from words. We arrange recent NLP work on numeracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Avijit Thawani , Jay Pujara , Pedro A. Szekely , Filip Ilievski

Recent work has shown that large pretrained Language Models (LMs) can not only perform remarkably well on a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks but also start improving on reasoning tasks such as arithmetic induction, symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Jing Qian , Hong Wang , Zekun Li , Shiyang Li , Xifeng Yan