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At the heart of machine learning lies the question of generalizability of learned rules over previously unseen data. While over-parameterized models based on neural networks are now ubiquitous in machine learning applications, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Melikasadat Emami , Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Parthe Pandit , Sundeep Rangan , Alyson K. Fletcher

Despite their massive size, successful deep artificial neural networks can exhibit a remarkably small difference between training and test performance. Conventional wisdom attributes small generalization error either to properties of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Chiyuan Zhang , Samy Bengio , Moritz Hardt , Benjamin Recht , Oriol Vinyals

Deep artificial neural networks have made remarkable progress in different tasks in the field of computer vision. However, the empirical analysis of these models and investigation of their failure cases has received attention recently. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-02-10 Babak Saleh , Ahmed Elgammal , Jacob Feldman

A recent study has shown that large-scale visual datasets are very biased: they can be easily classified by modern neural networks. However, the concrete forms of bias among these datasets remain unclear. In this study, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Boya Zeng , Yida Yin , Zhuang Liu

Learned systems in the domain of visual recognition and cognition impress in part because even though they are trained with datasets many orders of magnitude smaller than the full population of possible images, they exhibit sufficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-03 John K. Tsotsos , Jun Luo

This paper proposes a straightforward and cost-effective approach to assess whether a deep neural network (DNN) relies on the primary concepts of training samples or simply learns discriminative, yet simple and irrelevant features that can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Mohammad Mahdi Mehmanchi , Mahbod Nouri , Mohammad Sabokrou

Deep deraining networks consistently encounter substantial generalization issues when deployed in real-world applications, although they are successful in laboratory benchmarks. A prevailing perspective in deep learning encourages using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Jinjin Gu , Xianzheng Ma , Xiangtao Kong , Yu Qiao , Chao Dong

That shared features between train and test data are required for generalisation in artificial neural networks has been a common assumption of both proponents and critics of these models. Here, we show that convolutional architectures avoid…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Jeff Mitchell , Jeffrey S. Bowers

Despite huge successes on a wide range of tasks, neural networks are known to sometimes struggle to generalise to unseen data. Many approaches have been proposed over the years to promote the generalisation ability of neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Christiaan P. Opperman , Anna S. Bosman , Katherine M. Malan

We compare the robustness of humans and current convolutional deep neural networks (DNNs) on object recognition under twelve different types of image degradations. First, using three well known DNNs (ResNet-152, VGG-19, GoogLeNet) we find…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Robert Geirhos , Carlos R. Medina Temme , Jonas Rauber , Heiko H. Schütt , Matthias Bethge , Felix A. Wichmann

Modern foundation models exhibit remarkable out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, solving tasks far beyond the support of their training data. However, the theoretical principles underpinning this phenomenon remain elusive. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Jiawei Ge , Amanda Wang , Shange Tang , Chi Jin

Frequency shortcuts refer to specific frequency patterns that models heavily rely on for correct classification. Previous studies have shown that models trained on small image datasets often exploit such shortcuts, potentially impairing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shunxin Wang , Raymond Veldhuis , Nicola Strisciuglio

It is widely recognized that deep neural networks are sensitive to bias in the data. This means that during training these models are likely to learn spurious correlations between data and labels, resulting in limited generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Vito Paolo Pastore , Massimiliano Ciranni , Davide Marinelli , Francesca Odone , Vittorio Murino

Understanding how feature learning affects generalization is among the foremost goals of modern deep learning theory. Here, we study how the ability to learn representations affects the generalization performance of a simple class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , William L. Tong , Cengiz Pehlevan

Despite remarkable success in a variety of applications, it is well-known that deep learning can fail catastrophically when presented with out-of-distribution data. Toward addressing this challenge, we consider the domain generalization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-16 Alexander Robey , George J. Pappas , Hamed Hassani

A widely believed explanation for the remarkable generalization capacities of overparameterized neural networks is that the optimization algorithms used for training induce an implicit bias towards benign solutions. To grasp this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Maria Matveev , Vit Fojtik , Hung-Hsu Chou , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes Maly

Generalization remains a central yet unresolved challenge in deep learning, particularly the ability to predict a model's performance beyond its training distribution using quantities available prior to test-time evaluation. Building on the…

Although recent works have brought some insights into the performance improvement of techniques used in state-of-the-art deep-learning models, more work is needed to understand their generalization properties. We shed light on this matter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Mahsa Forouzesh , Farnood Salehi , Patrick Thiran

"The power of a generalization system follows directly from its biases" (Mitchell 1980). Today, CNNs are incredibly powerful generalisation systems -- but to what degree have we understood how their inductive bias influences model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Kristof Meding , Luca M. Schulze Buschoff , Robert Geirhos , Felix A. Wichmann

Background: Deep learning models are typically trained using stochastic gradient descent or one of its variants. These methods update the weights using their gradient, estimated from a small fraction of the training data. It has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-01-03 Elad Hoffer , Itay Hubara , Daniel Soudry