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We present a theoretical framework that extends classical information theory to finite and structured systems by redefining redundancy as a fundamental property of information organization rather than inefficiency. In this framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yuda Bi , Ying Zhu , Vince D Calhoun

We consider the "partial information decomposition" (PID) problem, which aims to decompose the information that a set of source random variables provide about a target random variable into separate redundant, synergistic, union, and unique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Artemy Kolchinsky

Factor graphs are a ubiquitous tool for multi-source inference in robotics and multi-sensor networks. They allow for heterogeneous measurements from many sources to be concurrently represented as factors in the state posterior distribution,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jesse Milzman , Andre Harrison , Carlos Nieto-Granda , John Rogers

Redundancy represents a strategy for achieving high availability. However, various factors, known as singleness factors, necessitate corresponding redundancy measures. The absence of a systematic approach for identifying these singleness…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Hong Su

Of the various attempts to generalize information theory to multiple variables, the most widely utilized, interaction information, suffers from the problem that it is sometimes negative. Here we reconsider from first principles the general…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-04-16 Paul L. Williams , Randall D. Beer

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) represents multivariate mutual information via antichain-lattice that aims to specify which source groups can recover which informational components of a target. For three or more sources, widely…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) seeks to disentangle how information about a target variable is distributed across multiple sources, separating redundant, unique, and synergistic contributions. Despite extensive theoretical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Philip Hendrik Matthias , Abdullah Makkeh , Michael Wibral , Aaron J. Gutknecht

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) is a principled and flexible method to unveil complex high-order interactions in multi-unit network systems. Though being defined exclusively for random variables, PID is ubiquitously applied to…

The framework of Partial Information Decomposition (PID) unveils complex nonlinear interactions in network systems by dissecting the mutual information (MI) between a target variable and several source variables. While PID measures have…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-09-23 Chiara Barà , Yuri Antonacci , Marta Iovino , Ivan Lazic , Luca Faes

What are the distinct ways in which a set of predictor variables can provide information about a target variable? When does a variable provide unique information, when do variables share redundant information, and when do variables combine…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Conor Finn , Joseph T Lizier

Williams and Beer (2010) proposed a nonnegative mutual information decomposition, based on the construction of redundancy lattices, which allows separating the information that a set of variables contains about a target variable into…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-04-05 Daniel Chicharro

Williams and Beer (2010) proposed a nonnegative mutual information decomposition, based on the construction of information gain lattices, which allows separating the information that a set of variables contains about another into components…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2017-04-05 Daniel Chicharro , Stefano Panzeri

For readers already familiar with Partial Information Decomposition (PID), we show that PID's definition of synergy enables quantifying at least four different notions of irreducibility. First, we show four common notions of "parts" give…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-12-13 Virgil Griffith , Jonathan Harel

Learning invariant graph representations for out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization remains challenging because the learned representations often retain spurious components. To address this challenge, this work introduces a new tool from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Barproda Halder , Pasan Dissanayake , Sanghamitra Dutta

We propose a partial information decomposition based on the newly introduced framework of causal tensors, i.e., multilinear stochastic maps that transform source data into destination data. This framework enables us to express an indirect…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-04 David Sigtermans

Spuriousness arises when there is an association between two or more variables in a dataset that are not causally related. In this work, we propose an explainability framework to preemptively disentangle the nature of such spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Barproda Halder , Faisal Hamman , Pasan Dissanayake , Qiuyi Zhang , Ilia Sucholutsky , Sanghamitra Dutta

This paper addresses the problem of adding redundancy to a collection of physical objects so that the overall system is more robust to failures. In contrast to its information counterpart, which can exploit parity to protect multiple…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-09 Jennifer Tang , Da Wang , Yury Polyanskiy , Gregory Wornell

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) has become one of the most prominent information-theoretic frameworks for describing the structure and quality of information in complex systems. Despite its widespread utility, there exists no unique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Alberto Liardi , Keenan J. A. Down , George Blackburne , Matteo Neri , Pedro A. M. Mediano

A reaction-coordinate--resolved information-theoretic analysis of chemical reactivity is developed using mutual information and partial information decomposition (PID). Along an intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), a local empirical…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Kyunghoon Han , Miguel Gallegos

The formalism of partial information decomposition provides independent or non-overlapping components constituting total information content provided by a set of source variables about the target variable. These components are recognised as…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-09 Ayan Biswas , Suman K Banik