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eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is at the forefront of AI research. In XAI, feature attribution methods produce explanations in the form of feature importance. People often use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Gert Aarts , Shangming Zhou , Xiuyi Fan

Shapley values have become one of the go-to methods to explain complex models to end-users. They provide a model agnostic post-hoc explanation with foundations in game theory: what is the worth of a player (in machine learning, a feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Joran Michiels , Maarten De Vos , Johan Suykens

As opaque black-box predictive models become more prevalent, the need to develop interpretations for these models is of great interest. The concept of variable importance and Shapley values are interpretability measures that applies to any…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-10 Zexuan Sun , Garvesh Raskutti

As diffusion models are deployed in real-world settings, and their performance is driven by training data, appraising the contribution of data contributors is crucial to creating incentives for sharing quality data and to implementing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Chris Lin , Mingyu Lu , Chanwoo Kim , Su-In Lee

Feature selection is a crucial step in developing robust and powerful machine learning models. Feature selection techniques can be divided into two categories: filter and wrapper methods. While wrapper methods commonly result in strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Jarne Verhaeghe , Jeroen Van Der Donckt , Femke Ongenae , Sofie Van Hoecke

Explaining AI systems is fundamental both to the development of high performing models and to the trust placed in them by their users. The Shapley framework for explainability has strength in its general applicability combined with its…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-21 Christopher Frye , Colin Rowat , Ilya Feige

A number of techniques have been proposed to explain a machine learning model's prediction by attributing it to the corresponding input features. Popular among these are techniques that apply the Shapley value method from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Luke Merrick , Ankur Taly

PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where…

Applications · Statistics 2022-11-08 Georgios Mitrentsis , Hendrik Lens

We study instancewise feature importance scoring as a method for model interpretation. Any such method yields, for each predicted instance, a vector of importance scores associated with the feature vector. Methods based on the Shapley score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-09 Jianbo Chen , Le Song , Martin J. Wainwright , Michael I. Jordan

Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust in machine learning systems as black-box models are increasingly deployed within high-stakes domains. Among XAI methods, Shapley values are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiaxin Xu , Hung Chau , Angela Burden

"How much is my data worth?" is an increasingly common question posed by organizations and individuals alike. An answer to this question could allow, for instance, fairly distributing profits among multiple data contributors and determining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Ruoxi Jia , David Dao , Boxin Wang , Frances Ann Hubis , Nick Hynes , Nezihe Merve Gurel , Bo Li , Ce Zhang , Dawn Song , Costas Spanos

Variable selection or importance measurement of input variables to a machine learning model has become the focus of much research. It is no longer enough to have a good model, one also must explain its decisions. This is why there are so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vincent Lemaire , Fabrice Clérot , Marc Boullé

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values are a widely used method for local feature attribution in interpretable and explainable AI. We propose an efficient two-stage algorithm for computing SHAP values in both black-box setting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ali Gorji , Andisheh Amrollahi , Andreas Krause

In this article, we provide an axiomatic characterization of feature attribution for multi-output predictors within the Shapley framework. While SHAP explanations are routinely computed independently for each output coordinate, the…

In the context of unsupervised learning, effective clustering plays a vital role in revealing patterns and insights from unlabeled data. However, the success of clustering algorithms often depends on the relevance and contribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Fabian Galis , Darian Onchis

Feature attribution for kernel methods is often heuristic and not individualised for each prediction. To address this, we turn to the concept of Shapley values~(SV), a coalition game theoretical framework that has previously been applied to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-27 Siu Lun Chau , Robert Hu , Javier Gonzalez , Dino Sejdinovic

Shapley values are widely used to explain black-box models, but they are costly to calculate because they require many model evaluations. We introduce FastSHAP, a method for estimating Shapley values in a single forward pass using a learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-24 Neil Jethani , Mukund Sudarshan , Ian Covert , Su-In Lee , Rajesh Ranganath

Explainable AI (XAI) has become an increasingly important topic for understanding and attributing the predictions made by complex Time Series Classification (TSC) models. Among attribution methods, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Davide Italo Serramazza , Nikos Papadeas , Zahraa Abdallah , Georgiana Ifrim

Attribution scores can be applied in data management to quantify the contribution of individual items to conclusions from the data, as part of the explanation of what led to these conclusions. In Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Leopoldo Bertossi , Benny Kimelfeld , Ester Livshits , Mikaël Monet

For feature selection and related problems, we introduce the notion of classification game, a cooperative game, with features as players and hinge loss based characteristic function and relate a feature's contribution to Shapley value based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-27 Sandhya Tripathi , N. Hemachandra , Prashant Trivedi
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