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Interpretability of learning algorithms is crucial for applications involving critical decisions, and variable importance is one of the main interpretation tools. Shapley effects are now widely used to interpret both tree ensembles and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-03 Clément Bénard , Gérard Biau , Sébastien da Veiga , Erwan Scornet

Numerous works propose post-hoc, model-agnostic explanations for learning to rank, focusing on ordering entities by their relevance to a query through feature attribution methods. However, these attributions often weakly correlate or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tanya Chowdhury , Yair Zick , James Allan

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for trustworthy machine learning (ML), particularly in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance. Shapley value (SV) methods provide a principled framework for feature…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-03 Wangxuan Fan , Siqi Li , Doudou Zhou , Yohei Okada , Chuan Hong , Molei Liu , Nan Liu

Originally introduced in game theory, Shapley values have emerged as a central tool in explainable machine learning, where they are used to attribute model predictions to specific input features. However, computing Shapley values exactly is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Christopher Musco , R. Teal Witter

Data-driven artificial intelligence models require explainability in intelligent manufacturing to streamline adoption and trust in modern industry. However, recently developed explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Joseph Cohen , Xun Huan , Jun Ni

Shapley value is a concept from game theory. Recently, it has been used for explaining complex models produced by machine learning techniques. Although the mathematical definition of Shapley value is straight-forward, the implication of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Sisi Ma , Roshan Tourani

Estimating feature importance is a significant aspect of explaining data-based models. Besides explaining the model itself, an equally relevant question is which features are important in the underlying data generating process. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Pål Vegard Johnsen , Inga Strümke , Signe Riemer-Sørensen , Andrew Thomas DeWan , Mette Langaas

In Explainable AI (XAI), Shapley values are a popular model-agnostic framework for explaining predictions made by complex machine learning models. The computation of Shapley values requires estimating non-trivial contribution functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Martin Jullum

This paper presents an approach integrating explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques with adaptive learning to enhance energy consumption prediction models, with a focus on handling data distribution shifts. Leveraging SHAP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Tobias Clement , Hung Truong Thanh Nguyen , Nils Kemmerzell , Mohamed Abdelaal , Davor Stjelja

In spite of increased attention on explainable machine learning models, explaining multi-output predictions has not yet been extensively addressed. Methods that use Shapley values to attribute feature contributions to the decision making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Célia Wafa Ayad , Thomas Bonnier , Benjamin Bosch , Jesse Read

Algorithmic decisions in critical domains such as hiring, college admissions, and lending are often based on rankings. Given the impact of these decisions on individuals, organizations, and population groups, it is essential to understand…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Venetia Pliatsika , Joao Fonseca , Kateryna Akhynko , Ivan Shevchenko , Julia Stoyanovich

Shapley values have been used extensively in machine learning, not only to explain black box machine learning models, but among other tasks, also to conduct model debugging, sensitivity and fairness analyses and to select important features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Iqbal Madakkatel , Elina Hyppönen

It is becoming increasingly important to explain complex, black-box machine learning models. Although there is an expanding literature on this topic, Shapley values stand out as a sound method to explain predictions from any type of machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-03 Annabelle Redelmeier , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Despite their ubiquitous use, Shapley value feature attributions can be misleading due to feature interaction in both model and data. We propose an alternative attribution approach, Shapley Sets, which awards value to sets of features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Torty Sivill , Peter Flach

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The current state-of-the-art is the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) that locally explains variable impact on individual predictions,…

Interpreting predictions from tree ensemble methods such as gradient boosting machines and random forests is important, yet feature attribution for trees is often heuristic and not individualized for each prediction. Here we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Scott M. Lundberg , Gabriel G. Erion , Su-In Lee

Shapley-related techniques have gained attention as both global and local interpretation tools because of their desirable properties. However, their computation using conditional expectations is computationally expensive. Approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-13 Zhipu Zhou , Jie Chen , Linwei Hu

Meteorological factors (MF) are crucial in day-ahead load forecasting as they significantly influence the electricity consumption behaviors of consumers. Numerous studies have incorporated MF into the load forecasting model to achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yangze Zhou , Guoxin Lin , Gonghao Zhang , Yi Wang

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich

Shapley value-based methods have become foundational in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), offering theoretically grounded feature attributions through cooperative game theory. However, in practice, particularly in vision tasks, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xiangyu Zhou , Chenhan Xiao , Yang Weng