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Large language models (LLMs) perform well on multi-hop reasoning, yet how they internally compose multiple facts remains unclear. Recent work proposes \emph{hop-aligned circuit hypothesis}, suggesting that bridge entities are computed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xukai Liu , Ye Liu , Jipeng Zhang , Yanghai Zhang , Kai Zhang , Qi Liu

Large-scale natural language generation requires the integration of vast amounts of knowledge: lexical, grammatical, and conceptual. A robust generator must be able to operate well even when pieces of knowledge are missing. It must also be…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Kevin Knight , Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou

A final exam in machine learning at a top institution such as MIT, Harvard, or Cornell typically takes faculty days to write, and students hours to solve. We demonstrate that large language models pass machine learning finals at a human…

Recent advances regarding question answering and reading comprehension have resulted in models that surpass human performance when the answer is contained in a single, continuous passage of text, requiring only single-hop reasoning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Xing Cao , Yun Liu

Modern large language models generate text autoregressively, producing tokens one at a time. To study the learnability of such systems, Joshi et al. (COLT 2025) introduced a PAC-learning framework for next-token generators, the primitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Steve Hanneke , Idan Mehalel , Shay Moran

Real-world multi-hop QA is naturally linked with ambiguity, where a single query can trigger multiple reasoning paths that require independent resolution. Since ambiguity can occur at any stage, models must navigate layered uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jeonghyun Park , Ingeol Baek , Seunghyun Yoon , Haeun Jang , Aparna Garimella , Akriti Jain , Nedim Lipka , Hwanhee Lee

Multihop reasoning remains an elusive goal as existing multihop benchmarks are known to be largely solvable via shortcuts. Can we create a question answering (QA) dataset that, by construction, \emph{requires} proper multihop reasoning? To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Harsh Trivedi , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been used in question answering (QA) systems to improve performance when relevant information is in one (single-hop) or multiple (multi-hop) passages. However, many real life scenarios (e.g. dealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mykolas Sveistrys , Richard Kunert

This work deals with the challenge of learning and reasoning over multi-modal multi-hop question answering (QA). We propose a graph reasoning network based on the semantic structure of the sentences to learn multi-source reasoning paths and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Navya Yarrabelly , Saloni Mittal

Learning to generate fluent natural language from structured data with neural networks has become an common approach for NLG. This problem can be challenging when the form of the structured data varies between examples. This paper presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Sebastian Gehrmann , Falcon Z. Dai , Henry Elder , Alexander M. Rush

We propose a recurrent neural model that generates natural-language questions from documents, conditioned on answers. We show how to train the model using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning. After teacher forcing for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Xingdi Yuan , Tong Wang , Caglar Gulcehre , Alessandro Sordoni , Philip Bachman , Sandeep Subramanian , Saizheng Zhang , Adam Trischler

Implicit reasoning is the ability of a language model to solve multi-hop reasoning tasks in a single forward pass, without chain of thought. We investigate this capability using GPT2-style language models trained from scratch on controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yuekun Yao , Yupei Du , Dawei Zhu , Michael Hahn , Alexander Koller

Humans ask follow-up questions driven by curiosity, which reflects a creative human cognitive process. We introduce the task of real-world information-seeking follow-up question generation (FQG), which aims to generate follow-up questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Yan Meng , Liangming Pan , Yixin Cao , Min-Yen Kan

Multi-hop inference is necessary for machine learning systems to successfully solve tasks such as Recognising Textual Entailment and Machine Reading. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of adaptive computation for learning the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mark Neumann , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Riedel

We propose a novel, path-based reasoning approach for the multi-hop reading comprehension task where a system needs to combine facts from multiple passages to answer a question. Although inspired by multi-hop reasoning over knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Souvik Kundu , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Peter Clark

We propose a generative machine comprehension model that learns jointly to ask and answer questions based on documents. The proposed model uses a sequence-to-sequence framework that encodes the document and generates a question (answer)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Tong Wang , Xingdi Yuan , Adam Trischler

Educators have started to turn to Generative AI (GenAI) to help create new course content, but little is known about how they should do so. In this project, we investigated the first steps for optimizing content creation for advanced math.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yongan Yu , Alexandre Krantz , Nikki G. Lobczowski

Solutions to math word problems (MWPs) with step-by-step explanations are valuable, especially in education, to help students better comprehend problem-solving strategies. Most existing approaches only focus on obtaining the final correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Mengxue Zhang , Zichao Wang , Zhichao Yang , Weiqi Feng , Andrew Lan

We propose end-to-end multimodal fact-checking and explanation generation, where the input is a claim and a large collection of web sources, including articles, images, videos, and tweets, and the goal is to assess the truthfulness of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Barry Menglong Yao , Aditya Shah , Lichao Sun , Jin-Hee Cho , Lifu Huang

Generative AI systems have revolutionized human interaction by enabling natural language-based coding and problem solving. However, the inherent ambiguity of natural language often leads to imprecise instructions, forcing users to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Fabrizio Marozzo