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Related papers: NumeroLogic: Number Encoding for Enhanced LLMs' Nu…

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NLP systems rarely give special consideration to numbers found in text. This starkly contrasts with the consensus in neuroscience that, in the brain, numbers are represented differently from words. We arrange recent NLP work on numeracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Avijit Thawani , Jay Pujara , Pedro A. Szekely , Filip Ilievski

Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Raja Marjieh , Veniamin Veselovsky , Thomas L. Griffiths , Ilia Sucholutsky

Numeracy is the ability to understand and work with numbers. It is a necessary skill for composing and understanding documents in clinical, scientific, and other technical domains. In this paper, we explore different strategies for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Georgios P. Spithourakis , Sebastian Riedel

Quantitative and numerical comprehension in language is an important task in many fields like education and finance, but still remains a challenging task for language models. While tool and calculator usage has shown to be helpful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Vishruth Veerendranath , Vishwa Shah , Kshitish Ghate

Large language models (LLMs) achieve astonishing results on a wide range of tasks. However, their formal reasoning ability still lags behind. A promising approach is Neurosymbolic LLM reasoning. It works by using LLMs as translators from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Alexander Beiser , David Penz , Nysret Musliu

Large language models (LLMs) can solve an increasing number of complex reasoning tasks while making surprising mistakes in basic numerical understanding and processing (such as 9.11 > 9.9). The latter ability is essential for tackling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Haotong Yang , Yi Hu , Shijia Kang , Zhouchen Lin , Muhan Zhang

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable abilities in reasoning and planning by breaking down complex problems into sequential steps. Despite their success in various domains like mathematical problem-solving and coding, LLMs face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Chang Ma , Haiteng Zhao , Junlei Zhang , Junxian He , Lingpeng Kong

Prior work has shown that large language models (LLMs) often converge to accurate input embedding for numbers, based on sinusoidal representations. In this work, we quantify that these representations are in fact strikingly systematic, to…

Multimodal LLMs can accurately perceive numerical content across modalities yet fail to perform exact multi-digit multiplication when the identical underlying arithmetic problem is presented as numerals, number words, images, or in audio…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Samuel G. Balter , Ethan Jerzak , Connor T. Jerzak

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive competence in various tasks, but their internal mechanisms on mathematical problems are still under-explored. In this paper, we study a fundamental question: how language models encode…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Fangwei Zhu , Damai Dai , Zhifang Sui

Humans are believed to perceive numbers on a logarithmic mental number line, where smaller values are represented with greater resolution than larger ones. This cognitive bias, supported by neuroscience and behavioral studies, suggests that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 H. V. AlquBoj , Hilal AlQuabeh , Velibor Bojkovic , Tatsuya Hiraoka , Ahmed Oumar El-Shangiti , Munachiso Nwadike , Kentaro Inui

Numbers are crucial for various real-world domains such as finance, economics, and science. Thus, understanding and reasoning with numbers are essential skills for language models to solve different tasks. While different numerical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mubashara Akhtar , Abhilash Shankarampeta , Vivek Gupta , Arpit Patil , Oana Cocarascu , Elena Simperl

Code has become a standard component of modern foundation language model (LM) training, yet its role beyond programming remains unclear. We revisit the claim that code improves reasoning through controlled pretraining experiments on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuze Zhao , Junpeng Fang , Lu Yu , Zhenya Huang , Kai Zhang , Qing Cui , Qi Liu , Jun Zhou , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in solving mathematical problems, with code-based solutions proving particularly effective. However, the best practice to leverage coding instruction data to enhance mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Chengwei Wei , Bin Wang , Jung-jae Kim , Guimei Liu , Nancy F. Chen

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has enabled Large Language Model (LLM) to achieve remarkable performance in various NLP tasks, including arithmetic problem-solving. However, this success does not generalize to small language model (sLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Bumjun Kim , Kunha Lee , Juyeon Kim , Sangam Lee

The ability (and inability) of large language models (LLMs) to perform arithmetic tasks has been the subject of much theoretical and practical debate. We show that LLMs are frequently able to correctly and confidently predict the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Andrew Gambardella , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Algorithmic reasoning refers to the ability to understand the complex patterns behind the problem and decompose them into a sequence of reasoning steps towards the solution. Such nature of algorithmic reasoning makes it a challenge for…

Numerical reasoning is an important task in the analysis of financial documents. It helps in understanding and performing numerical predictions with logical conclusions for the given query seeking answers from financial texts. Recently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aryan Mishra , Akash Anil

Text-to-image generative models are capable of producing high-quality images that often faithfully depict concepts described using natural language. In this work, we comprehensively evaluate a range of text-to-image models on numerical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Ivana Kajić , Olivia Wiles , Isabela Albuquerque , Matthias Bauer , Su Wang , Jordi Pont-Tuset , Aida Nematzadeh

Recent advancements in pretraining have demonstrated that modern Large Language Models (LLMs) possess the capability to effectively learn arithmetic operations. However, despite acknowledging the significance of digit order in arithmetic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Daniel Zhang-Li , Nianyi Lin , Jifan Yu , Zheyuan Zhang , Zijun Yao , Xiaokang Zhang , Lei Hou , Jing Zhang , Juanzi Li