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A new multi-attention based method for solving the MIL problem (MAMIL), which takes into account the neighboring patches or instances of each analyzed patch in a bag, is proposed. In the method, one of the attention modules takes into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is the recommended modality for diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). WB-MRI is used to detect sites of disease across the entire skeletal system, but it requires significant expertise and is…

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) and transformers are increasingly popular in histopathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, unlike human pathologists who selectively observe specific regions of histopathology tissues under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Conghao Xiong , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung , Irwin King

In computational pathology, weak supervision has become the standard for deep learning due to the gigapixel scale of WSIs and the scarcity of pixel-level annotations, with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) established as the principal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Andreas Lolos , Theofilos Christodoulou , Aris L. Moustakas , Stergios Christodoulidis , Maria Vakalopoulou

In computational pathology, whole-slide image (WSI) classification presents a formidable challenge due to its gigapixel resolution and limited fine-grained annotations. Multiple-instance learning (MIL) offers a weakly supervised solution,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Renao Yan , Qiehe Sun , Cheng Jin , Yiqing Liu , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) represents the predominant framework in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, covering aspects such as sub-typing, diagnosis, and beyond. Current MIL models predominantly rely on instance-level features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Heng Fang , Sheng Huang , Wenhao Tang , Luwen Huangfu , Bo Liu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) gains popularity in many real-life machine learning applications due to its weakly supervised nature. However, the corresponding effort on explaining MIL lags behind, and it is usually limited to presenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Dawid Rymarczyk , Adam Pardyl , Jarosław Kraus , Aneta Kaczyńska , Marek Skomorowski , Bartosz Zieliński

Interpreting machine learning model decisions is crucial for high-risk applications like healthcare. In digital pathology, large whole slide images (WSIs) are decomposed into smaller tiles and tile-derived features are processed by…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Tomé Albuquerque , Anil Yüce , Markus D. Herrmann , Alvaro Gomariz

Whole slide images (WSIs) classification represents a fundamental challenge in computational pathology, where multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) MIL methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Dongjie Fan , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian , Ben Wang , Xinran Zhang

Digitizing pathological images into gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has opened new avenues for Computational Pathology (CPath). As positive tissue comprises only a small fraction of gigapixel WSIs, existing Multiple Instance Learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Heng Fang , Fengtao Zhou , Bo Liu , Qingshan Liu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) significantly reduced annotation costs via bag-level weak labels for large-scale images, such as histopathological whole slide images (WSIs). However, its adaptability to continual tasks with minimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Byung Hyun Lee , Wongi Jeong , Woojae Han , Kyoungbun Lee , Se Young Chun

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology, requiring the processing of gigapixel-sized images, which is challenging for current deep-learning methods. Current state of the art methods are based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Jingwei Zhang , Saarthak Kapse , Ke Ma , Prateek Prasanna , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

We address the challenging problem of whole slide image (WSI) classification. WSIs have very high resolutions and usually lack localized annotations. WSI classification can be cast as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem when only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Bin Li , Yin Li , Kevin W. Eliceiri

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification in computational pathology is commonly formulated as slide-level Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) with a single global bag representation. However, slide-level MIL is fundamentally underconstrained:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Syed Fahim Ahmed , Gnanesh Rasineni , Florian Koehler , Abu Zahid Bin Aziz , Mei Wang , Attila Gyulassy , Brian Summa , J. Quincy Brown , Valerio Pascucci , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been extensively applied to whole slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis. The existing aggregation strategy in MIL, which primarily relies on the first-order distance (e.g., mean difference) between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yihang Chen , Tsai Hor Chan , Guosheng Yin , Yuming Jiang , Lequan Yu

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Histopathology image analysis is the golden standard of clinical diagnosis for Cancers. In doctors daily routine and computer-aided diagnosis, the Whole Slide Image (WSI) of histopathology tissue is used for analysis. Because of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Honglin Li , Yunlong Zhang , Chenglu Zhu , Jiatong Cai , Sunyi Zheng , Lin Yang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a popular method for classifying histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Existing approaches typically rely on frozen pre-trained models to extract instance features, neglecting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Yi Lin , Zhengjie Zhu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Hao Chen