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Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved significant progress in solving complex multi-player games through self-play. However, training effective adversarial policies requires millions of experience samples and substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mingrui Lv , Hangzhi Liu , Zhi Luo , Hongjie Zhang , Jie Ou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress across domains, yet their ability to perform inductive reasoning - inferring latent rules from sparse examples - remains limited. It is often assumed that chain-of-thought (CoT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Haibo Jin , Peiyan Zhang , Man Luo , Haohan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven their worth across a diverse spectrum of disciplines. LLMs have shown great potential in Procedural Content Generation (PCG) as well, but directly generating a level through a pre-trained LLM is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Muhammad U. Nasir , Steven James , Julian Togelius

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in high-stakes domains, their ability to reason strategically under uncertainty becomes critical. Poker provides a rigorous testbed, requiring not only strong actions but also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Minhua Lin , Enyan Dai , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Yuliang Yan , Zhenwei Dai , Jingying Zeng , Zhiwei Zhang , Fali Wang , Hongcheng Gao , Chen Luo , Xiang Zhang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

This research develops advanced methodologies for Large Language Models (LLMs) to better manage linguistic behaviors related to emotions and ethics. We introduce DIKE, an adversarial framework that enhances the LLMs' ability to internalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Edward Y. Chang

Large language models have enabled automated algorithm design (AAD) by generating optimization algorithms directly from natural-language prompts. While evolutionary frameworks such as LLaMEA demonstrate strong exploratory capabilities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova , Lars Kotthoff , Thomas Bäck

Neural video game simulators emerged as powerful tools to generate and edit videos. Their idea is to represent games as the evolution of an environment's state driven by the actions of its agents. While such a paradigm enables users to play…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Willi Menapace , Aliaksandr Siarohin , Stéphane Lathuilière , Panos Achlioptas , Vladislav Golyanik , Sergey Tulyakov , Elisa Ricci

Large language models (LLMs) have taken the world by storm by making many previously difficult uses of AI feasible. LLMs are controlled via highly expressive textual prompts and return textual answers. Unfortunately, this unstructured text…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Claudio Spiess , Martin Hirzel

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often struggle with efficiency and performance in complex environments. We propose a novel framework that uses a Large Language Model (LLM) to dynamically generate a curriculum over available actions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Amirreza Alasti , Efe Erdal , Yücel Celik , Theresa Eimer

In the pursuit of efficient automated content creation, procedural generation, leveraging modifiable parameters and rule-based systems, emerges as a promising approach. Nonetheless, it could be a demanding endeavor, given its intricate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Chunyi Sun , Junlin Han , Weijian Deng , Xinlong Wang , Zishan Qin , Stephen Gould

Autonomous cyber-physical systems like robots and self-driving cars could greatly benefit from using formal methods to reason reliably about their control decisions. However, before a problem can be solved it needs to be stated. This…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Aditi Kabra , Jonathan Laurent , Sagar Bharadwaj , Ruben Martins , Stefan Mitsch , André Platzer

Self-Correction aims to enable large language models (LLMs) to self-verify and self-refine their initial responses without external feedback. However, LLMs often fail to effectively self-verify and generate correct feedback, further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiaoshuai Song , Yanan Wu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

There are many benefits in providing formal specifications for our software. However, teaching students to do this is not always easy as courses on formal methods are often experienced as dry by students. This paper presents a game called…

Interaction with Large Language Models (LLMs) is primarily carried out via prompting. A prompt is a natural language instruction designed to elicit certain behaviour or output from a model. In theory, natural language prompts enable…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Michael Desmond , Michelle Brachman

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is significantly influenced by the quality of the prompts provided. In response, researchers have developed enormous prompt engineering strategies aimed at modifying the prompt text to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Zilong Wang , Yuqing Yang , Luna Qiu , Lili Qiu

Diplomacy is a complex multiplayer game that requires both cooperation and competition, posing significant challenges for AI systems. Traditional methods rely on equilibrium search to generate extensive game data for training, which demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kaixuan Xu , Jiajun Chai , Sicheng Li , Yuqian Fu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Developing effective instruction-following policies in reinforcement learning remains challenging due to the reliance on extensive human-labeled instruction datasets and the difficulty of learning from sparse rewards. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Zhicheng Zhang , Ziyan Wang , Yali Du , Fei Fang

Game development sits at the intersection of creative design and intricate software engineering, demanding the joint orchestration of game engines, real-time loops, and tightly coupled state across many files. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yilei Jiang , Jinyuan Hu , Qianyin Xiao , Yaozhi Zheng , Ruize Ma , Kaituo Feng , Jiaming Han , Tianshuo Peng , Kaixuan Fan , Manyuan Zhang , Xiangyu Yue

Information design (ID) explores how a sender influence the optimal behavior of receivers to achieve specific objectives. While ID originates from everyday human communication, existing game-theoretic and machine learning methods often…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Wenhao Li , Yue Lin , Xiangfeng Wang , Bo Jin , Hongyuan Zha , Baoxiang Wang

Since the dawn of Trading Card Games, the genre has grown into a multi-billion-dollar industry engaging millions of analog and digital players worldwide. Popular TCGs rely on regular updates, balance adjustments, and rotating constraints to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Johannes Pfau , Panagiotis Vrettis