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In this study, we present an interpretable deep learning framework for the early detection of breast cancer using quantitative features extracted from digitized fine needle aspirate (FNA) images of breast masses. Our deep neural network,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Bishal Chhetri , B. V. Rathish Kumar

Digital mammography is essential to breast cancer detection, and deep learning offers promising tools for faster and more accurate mammogram analysis. In radiology and other high-stakes environments, uninterpretable ("black box") deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Julia Yang , Alina Jade Barnett , Jon Donnelly , Satvik Kishore , Jerry Fang , Fides Regina Schwartz , Chaofan Chen , Joseph Y. Lo , Cynthia Rudin

Survival analysis plays a vital role in making clinical decisions. However, the models currently in use are often difficult to interpret, which reduces their usefulness in clinical settings. Prototype learning presents a potential solution,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Shuo Jiang , Zhuwen Chen , Liaoman Xu , Yanming Zhu , Changmiao Wang , Jiong Zhang , Feiwei Qin , Yifei Chen , Zhu Zhu

Explaining black-box Artificial Intelligence (AI) models is a cornerstone for trustworthy AI and a prerequisite for its use in safety critical applications such that AI models can reliably assist humans in critical decisions. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Poulami Sinhamahapatra , Lena Heidemann , Maureen Monnet , Karsten Roscher

Breast cancer detection through mammography interpretation remains difficult because of the minimal nature of abnormalities that experts need to identify alongside the variable interpretations between readers. The potential of CNNs for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Ojonugwa Oluwafemi Ejiga Peter , Daniel Emakporuena , Bamidele Dayo Tunde , Maryam Abdulkarim , Abdullahi Bn Umar

Prototype-based neural networks offer interpretable predictions by comparing inputs to learned, representative signal patterns anchored in training data. While such models have shown promise in the classification of physiological data, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Sahil Sethi , David Chen , Michael C. Burkhart , Nipun Bhandari , Bashar Ramadan , Brett Beaulieu-Jones

Deep learning models have achieved promising results in breast cancer classification, yet their 'black-box' nature raises interpretability concerns. This research addresses the crucial need to gain insights into the decision-making process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Ann-Kristin Balve , Peter Hendrix

Prostate cancer being one of the frequently diagnosed malignancy in men, the rising demand for biopsies places a severe workload on pathologists. The grading procedure is tedious and subjective, motivating the development of automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Riddhasree Bhattacharyya , Pallabi Dutta , Sushmita Mitra

Prototypical-part models are a popular interpretable alternative to black-box deep learning models for computer vision. However, they are difficult to train, with high sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning, inhibiting their application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Frank Willard , Luke Moffett , Emmanuel Mokel , Jon Donnelly , Stark Guo , Julia Yang , Giyoung Kim , Alina Jade Barnett , Cynthia Rudin

Due to the sensitive nature of medicine, it is particularly important and highly demanded that AI methods are explainable. This need has been recognised and there is great research interest in xAI solutions with medical applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Luisa Gallée , Catharina Silvia Lisson , Christoph Gerhard Lisson , Daniela Drees , Felix Weig , Daniel Vogele , Meinrad Beer , Michael Götz

Prototype models are an important method for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and interpretable machine learning. In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of a set of prominent prototype models including ProtoPNet, ProtoPool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Philipp Schlinge , Steffen Meinert , Martin Atzmueller

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different molecular subtypes, clinical behavior, treatment responses as well as survival outcomes. The development of a reliable, accurate, available and inexpensive method to predict the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Mohaddeseh Chegini , Ali Mahloojifar

Interpretability is often an essential requirement in medical imaging. Advanced deep learning methods are required to address this need for explainability and high performance. In this work, we investigate whether additional information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Luisa Gallee , Meinrad Beer , Michael Goetz

Part-prototype models are explainable-by-design image classifiers, and a promising alternative to black box AI. This paper explores the applicability and potential of interpretable machine learning, in particular PIP-Net, for automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Meike Nauta , Johannes H. Hegeman , Jeroen Geerdink , Jörg Schlötterer , Maurice van Keulen , Christin Seifert

State-of-the-art (SOTA) deep learning mammogram classifiers, trained with weakly-labelled images, often rely on global models that produce predictions with limited interpretability, which is a key barrier to their successful translation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Chong Wang , Yuanhong Chen , Yuyuan Liu , Yu Tian , Fengbei Liu , Davis J. McCarthy , Michael Elliott , Helen Frazer , Gustavo Carneiro

The Deep learning (DL) models for diagnosing breast cancer from mammographic images often operate as "black boxes", making it difficult for healthcare professionals to trust and understand their decision-making processes. The study presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Maryam Ahmed , Tooba Bibi , Rizwan Ahmed Khan , Sidra Nasir

Image classification is widely used to build predictive models for breast cancer diagnosis. Most existing approaches overwhelmingly rely on deep convolutional networks to build such diagnosis pipelines. These model architectures, although…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-20 Alireza Rezazadeh , Yasamin Jafarian , Ali Kord

The need for interpretable models has fostered the development of self-explainable classifiers. Prior approaches are either based on multi-stage optimization schemes, impacting the predictive performance of the model, or produce…

Breast cancer is the most common cancers and early detection from mammography screening is crucial in improving patient outcomes. Assessing mammographic breast density is clinically important as the denser breasts have higher risk and are…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-27 Charles Lu , Ken Chang , Praveer Singh , Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer

Deep learning models show significant potential for advancing AI-assisted medical diagnostics, particularly in detecting lung cancer through medical image modalities such as chest X-rays. However, the black-box nature of these models poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Amy Rafferty , Rishi Ramaesh , Ajitha Rajan
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