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Market makers play an important role in providing liquidity to markets by continuously quoting prices at which they are willing to buy and sell, and managing inventory risk. In this paper, we build a multi-agent simulation of a dealer…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-15 Sumitra Ganesh , Nelson Vadori , Mengda Xu , Hua Zheng , Prashant Reddy , Manuela Veloso

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a promising framework for developing adaptive and data-driven strategies, enabling market makers to optimize decision-making policies based on interactions with the limit order book environment. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-17 Rafael Zimmer , Oswaldo Luiz do Valle Costa

Market makers play a key role in financial markets by providing liquidity. They usually fill order books with buy and sell limit orders in order to provide traders alternative price levels to operate. This paper focuses precisely on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Oscar Fernández Vicente , Fernando Fernández Rebollo , Francisco Javier García Polo

Agent-based computational economics is a field with a rich academic history, yet one which has struggled to enter mainstream policy design toolboxes, plagued by the challenges associated with representing a complex and dynamic reality. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Callum Rhys Tilbury

In financial applications, reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained on historical data, where their actions do not influence prices. However, during deployment, these agents trade in live markets where their own transactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shaocong Ma , Heng Huang

Execution algorithms are vital to modern trading, they enable market participants to execute large orders while minimising market impact and transaction costs. As these algorithms grow more sophisticated, optimising them becomes…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-28 Ollie Olby , Andreea Bacalum , Rory Baggott , Namid Stillman

The application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to economic modeling reveals a fundamental conflict between the assumptions of equilibrium theory and the emergent behavior of learning agents. While canonical economic models assume atomistic…

General Economics · Economics 2025-10-21 Ruxin Chen , Zeqiang Zhang

Agent-based models (ABMs) are simulation models used in economics to overcome some of the limitations of traditional frameworks based on general equilibrium assumptions. However, agents within an ABM follow predetermined 'bounded rational'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Simone Brusatin , Tommaso Padoan , Andrea Coletta , Domenico Delli Gatti , Aldo Glielmo

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a potent tool for sequential decision-making and has achieved performance surpassing human capabilities across many challenging real-world tasks. As the extension of RL in the multi-agent system domain,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Ruiqi Zhang , Jing Hou , Florian Walter , Shangding Gu , Jiayi Guan , Florian Röhrbein , Yali Du , Panpan Cai , Guang Chen , Alois Knoll

Traditional economic models often rely on fixed assumptions about market dynamics, limiting their ability to capture the complexities and stochastic nature of real-world scenarios. However, reality is more complex and includes noise, making…

Trading markets represent a real-world financial application to deploy reinforcement learning agents, however, they carry hard fundamental challenges such as high variance and costly exploration. Moreover, markets are inherently a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Yue Gao , Kry Yik Chau Lui , Pablo Hernandez-Leal

Using Reinforcement Learning (RL) in simulation to construct policies useful in real life is challenging. This is often attributed to the sequential decision making aspect: inaccuracies in simulation accumulate over multiple steps, hence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 Rika Antonova , Silvia Cruciani

Reinforcement learning works best when the impact of the agent's actions on its environment can be perfectly simulated or fully appraised from available data. Some systems are however both hard to simulate and very sensitive to small…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-01-30 Vincent Ragel , Damien Challet

The manufacturing sector was recently affected by workforce shortages, a problem that automation and robotics can heavily minimize. Simultaneously, reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising solution where robots can learn through…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Abdalwhab Abdalwhab , Giovanni Beltrame , David St-Onge

The development of open benchmarking platforms could greatly accelerate the adoption of AI agents in retail. This paper presents comprehensive simulations of customer shopping behaviors for the purpose of benchmarking reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Yu Xia , Sriram Narayanamoorthy , Zhengyuan Zhou , Joshua Mabry

The inherent volatility and dynamic fluctuations within the financial stock market underscore the necessity for investors to employ a comprehensive and reliable approach that integrates risk management strategies, market trends, and the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-13 Alhassan S. Yasin , Prabdeep S. Gill

Optimal order execution is widely studied by industry practitioners and academic researchers because it determines the profitability of investment decisions and high-level trading strategies, particularly those involving large volumes of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-15 Michaël Karpe , Jin Fang , Zhongyao Ma , Chen Wang

As reinforcement learning agents become increasingly deployed in real-world scenarios, predicting future agent actions and events during deployment is important for facilitating better human-agent interaction and preventing catastrophic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Stephen Chung , Scott Niekum , David Krueger

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have made it possible to develop sophisticated agents that excel in a wide range of applications. Simulations using such agents can provide valuable information in scenarios that are difficult…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Atom Scott , Keisuke Fujii , Masaki Onishi

Machine learning (especially reinforcement learning) methods for trading are increasingly reliant on simulation for agent training and testing. Furthermore, simulation is important for validation of hand-coded trading strategies and for…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-12-12 Svitlana Vyetrenko , David Byrd , Nick Petosa , Mahmoud Mahfouz , Danial Dervovic , Manuela Veloso , Tucker Hybinette Balch
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