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One global model in federated learning (FL) might not be sufficient to serve many clients with non-IID tasks and distributions. While there has been advances in FL to train multiple global models for better personalization, they only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Shutong Chen , Tianyi Zhou , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients with distributed data sources to collaboratively train a shared model without compromising data privacy. However, existing FL paradigms face challenges due to heterogeneity in client data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Brianna Mueller , W. Nick Street , Stephen Baek , Qihang Lin , Jingyi Yang , Yankun Huang

Federated learning enables distributed clients to collaborate on training while storing their data locally to protect client privacy. However, due to the heterogeneity of data, models, and devices, the final global model may need to perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Wolong Xing , Zhenkui Shi , Hongyan Peng , Xiantao Hu , Xianxian Li

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods typically assume that Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on data from a single device or client. However, real-world scenarios often require fine-tuning these models on private data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sajjad Ghiasvand , Yifan Yang , Zhiyu Xue , Mahnoosh Alizadeh , Zheng Zhang , Ramtin Pedarsani

Effectively leveraging private datasets remains a significant challenge in developing foundation models. Federated Learning (FL) has recently emerged as a collaborative framework that enables multiple users to fine-tune these models while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yiyuan Yang , Guodong Long , Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated learning (FL) enables a set of distributed clients to jointly train machine learning models while preserving their local data privacy, making it attractive for applications in healthcare, finance, mobility, and smart-city systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Eman M. AbouNassar , Amr Elshall , Sameh Abdulah

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive success across various tasks. Integrating LLMs with Federated Learning (FL), a paradigm known as FedLLM, offers a promising avenue for collaborative model adaptation while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yebo Wu , Chunlin Tian , Jingguang Li , He Sun , Kahou Tam , Zhanting Zhou , Haicheng Liao , Jing Xiong , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li , Chengzhong Xu

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has created an unprecedented demand for fine-tuning models for specialized domains, such as medical science. While federated learning (FL) offers a decentralized and privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Amir Faiyaz , Tara Salman

Federated learning (FL) offers an innovative paradigm for collaborative model training across decentralized devices, such as smartphones, balancing enhanced predictive performance with the protection of user privacy in sensitive areas like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Mohammad Hasan Narimani , Mostafa Tavassolipour

Federated learning (FL) has enabled the training of multilingual large language models (LLMs) on diverse and decentralized multilingual data, especially on low-resource languages. To improve client-specific performance, personalization via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Royson Lee , Minyoung Kim , Fady Rezk , Rui Li , Stylianos I. Venieris , Timothy Hospedales

Foundation Models (FMs), such as LLaMA, BERT, GPT, ViT, and CLIP, have demonstrated remarkable success in a wide range of applications, driven by their ability to leverage vast amounts of data for pre-training. However, optimizing FMs often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Sixing Yu , J. Pablo Muñoz , Ali Jannesari

Federated learning (FL) is a promising framework for learning from distributed data while maintaining privacy. The development of efficient FL algorithms encounters various challenges, including heterogeneous data and systems, limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yongcun Song , Ziqi Wang , Enrique Zuazua

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm in which a central server coordinates multiple participants (clients) collaboratively to train on decentralized data. In practice, FL often faces statistical, system, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Liping Yi , Han Yu , Gang Wang , Xiaoguang Liu , Xiaoxiao Li

Personalized federated learning (PFL) tailors models to clients' unique data distributions while preserving privacy. However, existing aggregation-weight-based PFL methods often struggle with heterogeneous data, facing challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuxia Sun , Aoxiang Sun , Siyi Pan , Zhixiao Fu , Jingcai Guo

Federated fine-tuning (FedFT) provides an effective paradigm for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) in privacy-sensitive scenarios. However, practical deployment remains challenging due to the limited resources on end devices.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Rukuo Li , Jianchun Liu , Hongli Xu , Liusheng Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in the field of Legal Intelligence, offering potential applications in assisting legal professionals and laymen. However, the centralized training of these Legal LLMs raises data privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Linan Yue , Qi Liu , Yichao Du , Weibo Gao , Ye Liu , Fangzhou Yao

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning framework that leverages commonalities between distributed client datasets to train a global model. Under heterogeneous clients, however, FL can fail to produce stable training results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Connor J. Mclaughlin , Lili Su

Federated Learning (FL) is a recent development in distributed machine learning that collaboratively trains models without training data leaving client devices, preserving data privacy. In real-world FL, the training set is distributed over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Jed Mills , Jia Hu , Geyong Min , Rui Jin , Siwei Zheng , Jin Wang

In federated learning (FL), local personalization of models has received significant attention, yet personalized fine-tuning of foundation models remains underexplored. In particular, there is a lack of understanding in the literature on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Seohyun Lee , Wenzhi Fang , Dong-Jun Han , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Christopher G. Brinton

Large language models (LLMs) typically require fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks, and LoRA offers a computationally efficient approach by training low-rank adapters. LoRA is also communication-efficient for federated LLMs when multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ming Wen , Jiaqi Zhu , Yuedong Xu , Yipeng Zhou , Dingding Han