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Generative AI models have shown impressive ability to produce images with text prompts, which could benefit creativity in visual art creation and self-expression. However, it is unclear how precisely the generated images express contexts…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yunlong Wang , Shuyuan Shen , Brian Y. Lim

We consider the problem of language model inversion: given outputs of a language model, we seek to extract the prompt that generated these outputs. We develop a new black-box method, output2prompt, that learns to extract prompts without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Collin Zhang , John X. Morris , Vitaly Shmatikov

Text-to-image (T2I) models have gained significant popularity. Most of these are diffusion models with unique computational characteristics, distinct from both traditional small-scale ML models and large language models. They are highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shubham Agarwal , Subrata Mitra , Saud Iqbal

Prompts are the interface for eliciting the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Understanding their structure and components is critical for analyzing LLM behavior and optimizing performance. However, the field lacks a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sullam Jeoung , Yueyan Chen , Yi Zhang , Shuai Wang , Haibo Ding , Lin Lee Cheong

We introduce PRISM, a method for real-time filtering in a probabilistic generative model of agent motion and visual perception. Previous approaches either lack uncertainty estimates for the map and agent state, do not run in real-time, do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Atanas Mirchev , Baris Kayalibay , Ahmed Agha , Patrick van der Smagt , Daniel Cremers , Justin Bayer

Text-to-image generation models are powerful but difficult to use. Users craft specific prompts to get better images, though the images can be repetitive. This paper proposes a Prompt Expansion framework that helps users generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Siddhartha Datta , Alexander Ku , Deepak Ramachandran , Peter Anderson

Text-to-image generation has seen an explosion of interest since 2021. Today, beautiful and intriguing digital images and artworks can be synthesized from textual inputs ("prompts") with deep generative models. Online communities around…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jonas Oppenlaender

Text-to-Image (T2I) generation is primarily driven by Diffusion Models (DM) which rely on random Gaussian noise. Thus, like playing the slots at a casino, a DM will produce different results given the same user-defined inputs. This imposes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Joong Ho Kim , Nicholas Thai , Souhardya Saha Dip , Dong Lao , Keith G. Mills

Traditional ML models utilize controlled approximations during high loads, employing faster, but less accurate models in a process called accuracy scaling. However, this method is less effective for generative text-to-image models due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Shubham Agarwal , Saud Iqbal , Subrata Mitra

Current text-to-image (T2I) generation models achieve promising results, but they fail on the scenarios where the knowledge implied in the text prompt is uncertain. For example, a T2I model released in February would struggle to generate a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Chuanhao Li , Jianwen Sun , Yukang Feng , Mingliang Zhai , Yifan Chang , Kaipeng Zhang

The diffusion transformer (DiT) architecture has attracted significant attention in image generation, achieving better fidelity, performance, and diversity. However, most existing DiT - based image generation methods focus on global - aware…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Zhen Xiong , Yuqi Li , Chuanguang Yang , Tiao Tan , Zhihong Zhu , Siyuan Li , Yue Ma

Effective prompt engineering is critical to realizing the promised productivity gains of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. Yet, many users struggle to craft prompts that yield high-quality outputs, limiting the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Niklas Gutheil , Valentin Mayer , Leopold Müller , Jörg Rommelt , Niklas Kühl

Interaction with Large Language Models (LLMs) is primarily carried out via prompting. A prompt is a natural language instruction designed to elicit certain behaviour or output from a model. In theory, natural language prompts enable…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Michael Desmond , Michelle Brachman

Text-to-Image (T2I) generative models have revolutionized content creation but remain highly sensitive to prompt phrasing, often requiring users to repeatedly refine prompts multiple times without clear feedback. While techniques such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Chieh-Yun Chen , Min Shi , Gong Zhang , Humphrey Shi

The quality of text-to-image generation is continuously improving, yet the boundaries of its applicability are still unclear. In particular, refinement of the text input with the objective of achieving better results - commonly called…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Martin Ruskov

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains, due to their strong instruction-following capabilities. This has led to increasing interest in optimizing instructions for black-box LLMs, whose internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Jaewon Chu , Seunghun Lee , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Crafting a rich and unique environment is crucial for fictional world-building, but can be difficult to achieve since illustrating a world from scratch requires time and significant skill. We investigate the use of recent multi-modal image…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Hai Dang , Frederik Brudy , George Fitzmaurice , Fraser Anderson

Prompting interfaces allow users to quickly adjust the output of generative models in both vision and language. However, small changes and design choices in the prompt can lead to significant differences in the output. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Natalie Maus , Patrick Chao , Eric Wong , Jacob Gardner

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have made remarkable progress in text generation tasks via fine-tuning. While, it is challenging to fine-tune PLMs in a data-scarce situation. Therefore, it is non-trivial to develop a general and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Junyi Li , Tianyi Tang , Jian-Yun Nie , Ji-Rong Wen , Wayne Xin Zhao

Text-to-image (T2I) generative models have gained increased popularity in the public domain. While boasting impressive user-guided generative abilities, their black-box nature exposes users to intentionally- and intrinsically-biased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Jordan Vice , Naveed Akhtar , Richard Hartley , Ajmal Mian
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