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As fully fault-tolerant quantum computers capable of solving useful problems remain a distant goal, we anticipate an era of "early fault tolerance" where limited error correction is available. We propose a framework for designing early…

In recent years, quantum algorithms have been proposed which use quantum phase estimation (QPE) coherently as a subroutine without measurement. In order to do this effectively, the routine must be able to distinguish eigenstates with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-19 Sean Greenaway , William Pol , Sukin Sim

Standard quantum phase estimation (QPE) has often been regarded as unsuitable for simultaneous detection of all eigenvalues, because it requires initial states with sufficient overlap with the target eigenstates. In this paper, we show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Yuki Izumi , Hitoshi Kawahara

Phase estimation plays a central role in communications, sensing, and information processing. Quantum correlated states, such as squeezed states, enable phase estimation beyond the shot-noise limit, and in principle approach the ultimate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-25 M. A. Rodríguez-García , F. E. Becerra

Eigenvalue estimation is a central problem for demonstrating quantum advantage, yet its implementation on digital quantum computers remains limited by circuit depth and operational overhead. We present an analog quantum phase estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Wei-Chen Lin , Chiao-Hsuan Wang

The problem of Phase Estimation (or Amplitude Estimation) admits a quadratic quantum speedup. Wang, Higgott and Brierley [2019, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 140504] have shown that there is a continuous trade-off between quantum speedup and circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-30 Duarte Magano , Miguel Murça

Here we revisit the quantum phase estimation (QPE) algorithm, and devise an iterative method to improve the precision of QPE with propagators over a variety of time spans. For a given propagator and a certain eigenstate as input, QPE with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-09 Junxu Li

Accurate calibration of control parameters in quantum gates is crucial for high-fidelity operations, yet it represents a significant time and resource challenge, necessitating periods of downtime for quantum computers. Robust Phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-29 Travis Hurant , Ke Sun , Zhubing Jia , Jungsang Kim , Kenneth R. Brown

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is regarded as a promising candidate of hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for the near-term quantum computers. Meanwhile, VQE is confronted with a challenge that statistical error associated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Ken N. Okada , Keita Osaki , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum computing can provide speedups in solving many problems as the evolution of a quantum system is described by a unitary operator in an exponentially large Hilbert space. Such unitary operators change the phase of their eigenstates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Youle Wang , Lei Zhang , Zhan Yu , Xin Wang

Accurate state preparation is a critical bottleneck in many quantum algorithms, particularly those for ground state energy estimation. Even in fault-tolerant quantum computing, preparing a quantum state with sufficient overlap to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Gwonhak Lee , Minhyeok Kang , Jungsoo Hong , Stepan Fomichev , Joonsuk Huh

We develop an energy calculation algorithm leveraging quantum phase difference estimation (QPDE) scheme and a tensor-network-based unitary compression method in the preparation of superposition states and time-evolution gates. Alongside its…

This paper is concerned with the phase estimation algorithm in quantum computing algorithms, especially the scenarios where (1) the input vector is not an eigenvector; (2) the unitary operator is not exactly implemented; (3) random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-10 Xiantao Li

Quantum phase estimation is a central primitive in quantum algorithms and sensing, where performance is governed by the sensitivity of measurement signals to the target parameter. While existing methods have developed increasingly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Zikang Jia , Suying Liu , Yulong Dong

Quantum phase estimation is fundamental to advancing quantum science and technology. While much of the research has concentrated on estimating a single phase, the simultaneous estimation of multiple phases can yield significantly enhanced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Marco Barbieri , Ilaria Gianani , Aaron Z. Goldberg , Luis L. Sánchez-Soto

Quantum phase estimation (QPE) of the eigenvalues of a unitary operator on a target quantum system is a crucial subroutine in various quantum algorithms. Conventional QPE is often expensive to implement as it requires a large number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-10 Yuan-De Jin , Shi-Yu Zhang , Wen-Long Ma

Quantum phase estimation is one of the key algorithms in the field of quantum computing, but up until now, only approximate expressions have been derived for the probability of error. We revisit these derivations, and find that by ensuring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-13 James M. Chappell , Max A. Lohe , Lorenz von Smekal , Azhar Iqbal , Derek Abbott

The Robust Phase Estimation (RPE) protocol was designed to be an efficient and robust way to calibrate quantum operations. The robustness of RPE refers to its ability to estimate a single parameter, usually gate amplitude, even when other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-12 Adam M. Meier , Karl A. Burkhardt , Brian J. McMahon , Creston D. Herold

The calibration of high-quality two-qubit entangling gates is an essential component in engineering large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, many standard calibration techniques are based on randomized circuits that are only…

The problem of measuring a time-varying phase, even when the statistics of the variation is known, is considerably harder than that of measuring a constant phase. In particular, the usual bounds on accuracy - such as the $1/(4\bar{n})$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-01 Kiarn T. Laverick , Howard M. Wiseman , Hossien T. Dinani , Dominic W. Berry