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Magic states, by allowing non-Clifford gates through gate teleportation, are important building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computation. Magic state distillation protocols aim to create clean copies of magic states from many noisier…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Heather Leitch , Yingkai Ouyang

We employed the techniques from [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{70}, 052328 (2004)/arXiv:0406196] to analytically study two set of quantum circuits containing one $T$ gate/magic $|T\rangle = \frac{|0\rangle+\sqrt{i}|1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$ state. These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Kwok Ho Wan

For a quantum computer acting on d-dimensional systems, we analyze the computational power of circuits wherein stabilizer operations are perfect and we allow access to imperfect non-stabilizer states or operations. If the noise rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-21 Wim van Dam , Mark Howard

We introduce magic-augmented Clifford circuits -- architectures in which Clifford circuits are preceded and/or followed by constant-depth circuits of non-Clifford (``magic") gates -- as a resource-efficient way to realize approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Yuzhen Zhang , Sagar Vijay , Yingfei Gu , Yimu Bao

We propose and study a method for using non-maximally entangled states to implement probabilistically non-local gates. Unlike distillation-based protocols, this method does not generate a maximally entangled state at intermediate stages of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Berry Groisman , Benni Reznik

In superconducting architectures, limited connectivity remains a significant challenge for the synthesis and compilation of quantum circuits. We consider models of entanglement-assisted computation where long-range operations are achieved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Willers Yang , Patrick Rall

Fault-tolerant implementation of non-Clifford gates is a major challenge for achieving universal fault-tolerant quantum computing with quantum error-correcting codes. Magic state distillation is the most well-studied method for this but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Seok-Hyung Lee , Felix Thomsen , Nicholas Fazio , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

Magic State Distillation (MSD) has been a research focus for fault-tolerant quantum computing due to the need for non-Clifford resource in gaining quantum advantage. Although many of the MSD protocols so far are based on stabilizer codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Yunzhe Zheng , Dong E. Liu

Quantum computers have recently made great strides and are on a long-term path towards useful fault-tolerant computation. A dominant overhead in fault-tolerant quantum computation is the production of high-fidelity encoded qubits, called…

Quantum error correction represents a significant advancement in large-scale quantum computing. However, achieving fault-tolerant implementations of non-Clifford logical gates with reduced overhead remains a challenge in the popular surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Zhi-Cheng He , Zheng-Yuan Xue

Error correcting codes protect quantum information and form the basis of fault tolerant quantum computing. Leading proposals for fault-tolerant quantum computation require codes with an exceedingly rare property, a transverse non-Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-12 Earl T. Campbell

We evaluate the usefulness of holographic stabilizer codes for practical purposes by studying their allowed sets of fault-tolerantly implementable gates. We treat them as subsystem codes and show that the set of transversally implementable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-08 Sam Cree , Kfir Dolev , Vladimir Calvera , Dominic J. Williamson

Universal quantum computation requires the implementation of a logical non-Clifford gate. In this paper, we characterize all stabilizer codes whose code subspaces are preserved under physical $T$ and $T^{-1}$ gates. For example, this could…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Michael Newman , Henry D. Pfister

Motivated by their necessity for most fault-tolerant quantum computation schemes, we formulate a resource theory for magic states. We first show that robustness of magic is a well-behaved magic monotone that operationally quantifies the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-16 Mark Howard , Earl T. Campbell

We introduce the magic hierarchy, a quantum circuit model that alternates between arbitrary-sized Clifford circuits and constant-depth circuits with two-qubit gates ($\textsf{QNC}^0$). This model unifies existing circuit models, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Natalie Parham

The overhead cost of performing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation for large scale quantum algorithms is very high. Despite several attempts at alternative schemes, magic state distillation remains one of the most efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-30 Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

Magic, also known as nonstabilizerness, quantifies the distance of a quantum state to the set of stabilizer states, and it serves as a necessary resource for potential quantum advantage over classical computing. In this work, we study magic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Poetri Sonya Tarabunga , Emanuele Tirrito

Tensor network methods leverage the limited entanglement of quantum states to efficiently simulate many-body systems. Alternatively, Clifford circuits provide a framework for handling highly entangled stabilizer states, which have low magic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Sergi Masot-Llima , Piotr Sierant , Paolo Stornati , Artur Garcia-Saez

We show how to perform measurement-based quantum computing on qudits (high-dimensional quantum systems) using alternative resource states beyond the cluster state. Estimating overheads for gate decomposition, we find that generalizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Alena Romanova , Wolfgang Dür

With the advent of physical qubits exhibiting strong noise bias, it becomes increasingly relevant to identify which quantum gates can be efficiently implemented on error-correcting codes designed to address a single dominant error type.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Victor Barizien , Hugo Jacinto , Nicolas Sangouard