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Recent question generation (QG) approaches often utilize the sequence-to-sequence framework (Seq2Seq) to optimize the log-likelihood of ground-truth questions using teacher forcing. However, this training objective is inconsistent with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Yuxi Xie , Liangming Pan , Dongzhe Wang , Min-Yen Kan , Yansong Feng

Long-form question answering (LFQA) enables answering a wide range of questions, but its flexibility poses enormous challenges for evaluation. We perform the first targeted study of the evaluation of long-form answers, covering both human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Fangyuan Xu , Yixiao Song , Mohit Iyyer , Eunsol Choi

Text-based Question Generation (QG) aims at generating natural and relevant questions that can be answered by a given answer in some context. Existing QG models suffer from a "semantic drift" problem, i.e., the semantics of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Shiyue Zhang , Mohit Bansal

Product review websites provide an incredible lens into the wide variety of opinions and experiences of different people, and play a critical role in helping users discover products that match their personal needs and preferences. To help…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Mengting Wan , Julian McAuley

Incorporating specific knowledge into large language models via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a widespread technique that fuels many of today's industry AI applications. A fundamental problem is to assess if the context retrieved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Florian Geissler , Francesco Carella , Laura Fieback , Jakob Spiegelberg

Question Answering (QA) systems face challenges in handling complex questions that require multi-domain knowledge synthesis. The naive RAG models, although effective in information retrieval, struggle with complex questions that require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Ziyang Chen , Xiaobin Wang , Yong Jiang , Jinzhi Liao , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Xiang Zhao

Pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention for addressing open-domain Question Answering (QA). While they exhibit high accuracy in answering questions related to common knowledge, LLMs encounter difficulties…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Rohan Kumar , Youngmin Kim , Sunitha Ravi , Haitian Sun , Christos Faloutsos , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Minji Yoon

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential for automating the evaluation of natural language generation. Previous frameworks of LLM-as-a-judge fall short in two ways: they either use zero-shot setting without consulting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Mingxuan Li , Hanchen Li , Chenhao Tan

Reinforcement learning has become a powerful approach for enhancing large language model reasoning, but faces a fundamental dilemma: training on easy problems can cause overfitting and pass@k degradation, while training on hard problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yangyi Fang , Jiaye Lin , Xiaoliang Fu , Cong Qin , Haolin Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing information retrieval, with chatbots becoming an important source for answering user queries. As by their design, LLMs prioritize generating correct answers, the value of highly plausible yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jamshid Mozafari , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

Many recent advances in natural language generation have been fueled by training large language models on internet-scale data. However, this paradigm can lead to models that generate toxic, inaccurate, and unhelpful content, and automatic…

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become a pivotal paradigm in artificial intelligence to align large models with human preferences. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical framework to simultaneously conduct the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-01 Nan Lu , Ethan Lee , Ethan X. Fang , Junwei Lu

It is widely accepted that so-called facts can be checked by searching for information on the Internet. This process requires a fact-checker to formulate a search query based on the fact and to present it to a search engine. Then, relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Nestor Prieto-Chavana , Julie Weeds , David Weir

Recent large language models often answer factual questions correctly. But users can't trust any given claim a model makes without fact-checking, because language models can hallucinate convincing nonsense. In this work we use reinforcement…

Human creativity generates novel ideas to solve real-world problems. This thereby grants us the power to transform the surrounding world and extend our human attributes beyond what is currently possible. Creative ideas are not just new and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Georgi V. Georgiev , Danko D. Georgiev

Smooth and effective communication requires the ability to perform latent or explicit commonsense inference. Prior commonsense reasoning benchmarks (such as SocialIQA and CommonsenseQA) mainly focus on the discriminative task of choosing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Pei Zhou , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Behnam Hedayatnia , Seokhwan Kim , Jay Pujara , Xiang Ren , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

We introduce LingoQA, a novel dataset and benchmark for visual question answering in autonomous driving. The dataset contains 28K unique short video scenarios, and 419K annotations. Evaluating state-of-the-art vision-language models on our…

The ideal form of Visual Question Answering requires understanding, grounding and reasoning in the joint space of vision and language and serves as a proxy for the AI task of scene understanding. However, most existing VQA benchmarks are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Kang Chen , Xiangqian Wu

Question and answer generation is a data augmentation method that aims to improve question answering (QA) models given the limited amount of human labeled data. However, a considerable gap remains between synthetic and human-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Raul Puri , Ryan Spring , Mostofa Patwary , Mohammad Shoeybi , Bryan Catanzaro

Research on intelligent tutoring systems has been exploring data-driven methods to deliver effective adaptive assistance. While much work has been done to provide adaptive assistance when students seek help, they may not seek help…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Mehak Maniktala , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes