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Automated metaphor detection is a challenging task to identify metaphorical expressions of words in a sentence. To tackle this problem, we adopt pre-trained contextualized models, e.g., BERT and RoBERTa. To this end, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Minjin Choi , Sunkyung Lee , Eunseong Choi , Heesoo Park , Junhyuk Lee , Dongwon Lee , Jongwuk Lee

Metaphor is a pervasive feature of discourse and a powerful lens for examining cognition, emotion, and ideology. Large-scale analysis, however, has been constrained by the need for manual annotation due to the context-sensitive nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Matteo Fuoli , Weihang Huang , Jeannette Littlemore , Sarah Turner , Ellen Wilding

Vision-language models (VLMs) can learn high-quality representations from a large-scale training dataset of image-text pairs. Prompt learning is a popular approach to fine-tuning VLM to adapt them to downstream tasks. Despite the satisfying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Zhifang Zhang , Yuwei Niu , Xin Liu , Beibei Li

Recently, prompt-based learning has gained popularity across many natural language processing (NLP) tasks by reformulating them into a cloze-style format to better align pre-trained language models (PLMs) with downstream tasks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Wenjie Zhang , Xiaoning Song , Zhenhua Feng , Tianyang Xu , Xiaojun Wu

Many tasks in natural language processing can be viewed as multi-label classification problems. However, most of the existing models are trained with the standard cross-entropy loss function and use a fixed prediction policy (e.g., a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Jiawei Wu , Wenhan Xiong , William Yang Wang

Most current approaches to metaphor identification use restricted linguistic contexts, e.g. by considering only a verb's arguments or the sentence containing a phrase. Inspired by pragmatic accounts of metaphor, we argue that broader…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Jesse Mu , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

Recent research has shown that large language models rely on spurious correlations in the data for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. In this work, we aim to answer the following research question: Can we reduce spurious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Zirui He , Huiqi Deng , Haiyan Zhao , Ninghao Liu , Mengnan Du

Hyperbole and metaphor are common in day-to-day communication (e.g., "I am in deep trouble": how does trouble have depth?), which makes their detection important, especially in a conversational AI setting. Existing approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Naveen Badathala , Abisek Rajakumar Kalarani , Tejpalsingh Siledar , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Visual metaphors are powerful rhetorical devices used to persuade or communicate creative ideas through images. Similar to linguistic metaphors, they convey meaning implicitly through symbolism and juxtaposition of the symbols. We propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Tuhin Chakrabarty , Arkadiy Saakyan , Olivia Winn , Artemis Panagopoulou , Yue Yang , Marianna Apidianaki , Smaranda Muresan

The ubiquity of metaphor in our everyday communication makes it an important problem for natural language understanding. Yet, the majority of metaphor processing systems to date rely on hand-engineered features and there is still no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Marek Rei , Luana Bulat , Douwe Kiela , Ekaterina Shutova

To help evaluate and understand the latent capabilities of language models, this paper introduces an approach using optimized input embeddings, or 'soft prompts,' as a metric of conditional distance between a model and a target behavior.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Ross Nordby

The success of deep learning methods hinges on the availability of large training datasets annotated for the task of interest. In contrast to human intelligence, these methods lack versatility and struggle to learn and adapt quickly to new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nithin Holla , Pushkar Mishra , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

The generalization and learning speed of a multi-class neural network can often be significantly improved by using soft targets that are a weighted average of the hard targets and the uniform distribution over labels. Smoothing the labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Rafael Müller , Simon Kornblith , Geoffrey Hinton

This paper presents ContrastWSD, a RoBERTa-based metaphor detection model that integrates the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) to extract and contrast the contextual meaning with the basic meaning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Mohamad Elzohbi , Richard Zhao

Recent years have witnessed increasing interests in prompt-based learning in which models can be trained on only a few annotated instances, making them suitable in low-resource settings. When using prompt-based learning for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hongjing Li , Hanqi Yan , Yanran Li , Li Qian , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Prompt tuning for pre-trained masked language models (MLM) has shown promising performance in natural language processing tasks with few labeled examples. It tunes a prompt for the downstream task, and a verbalizer is used to bridge the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Weisen Jiang , Yu Zhang , James T. Kwok

Recently, prompt-tuning has achieved promising results for specific few-shot classification tasks. The core idea of prompt-tuning is to insert text pieces (i.e., templates) into the input and transform a classification task into a masked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Xiang Chen , Ningyu Zhang , Xin Xie , Shumin Deng , Yunzhi Yao , Chuanqi Tan , Fei Huang , Luo Si , Huajun Chen

In semantic segmentation, training data down-sampling is commonly performed due to limited resources, the need to adapt image size to the model input, or improve data augmentation. This down-sampling typically employs different strategies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Roberto Alcover-Couso , Marcos Escudero-Vinolo , Juan C. SanMiguel , Jose M. Martinez

Recent breakthroughs in diffusion models have exhibited exceptional image-generation capabilities. However, studies show that some outputs are merely replications of training data. Such replications present potential legal challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yuxin Wen , Yuchen Liu , Chen Chen , Lingjuan Lyu

Knowledge distillation has been widely adopted in a variety of tasks and has achieved remarkable successes. Since its inception, many researchers have been intrigued by the dark knowledge hidden in the outputs of the teacher model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Hua Yuan , Ning Xu , Yu Shi , Xin Geng , Yong Rui