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Integrating BD-RIS into wireless communications systems has attracted significant interest due to its transformative potential in enhancing system performance. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of BD-RIS technology, examining…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Omar Maraqa , Majid H. Khoshafa , Olutayo O. Oyerinde , Telex M. N. Ngatched

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. Its interconnected elements offer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) represents a promising architecture for advancing millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. However, its intricate inter-element connections invalidate the conventional decoupled…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Linyu Peng , Tian Qiu , Cunhua Pan , Jiangzhou Wang , Taihao Zhang , Hong Ren

This work initiates the study of a beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided transmitter architecture for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. Deploying BD-RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will rely on ultra-dense multi-cell deployment to meet the high rate and connectivity demands. However, frequency reuse leads to severe inter-cell interference, particularly for cell-edge users,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

This paper proposes a two-stage approach for passive and active beamforming in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channels (ICs) assisted by a beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS). In the first stage,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ignacio Santamaria , Mohammad Soleymani , Eduard Jorswieck , Jesus Gutierrez

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) generalizes the conventional diagonal RIS (D-RIS) by introducing tunable inter-element connections, offering enhanced wave manipulation capabilities. However, realizing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Yiyang Peng , Binggui Zhou , Yutong Zheng , Danilo Mandic , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology has emerged as a promising enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering a paradigm shift from passive environments to programmable radio wave propagation. Despite the potential…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Benefiting from its capability to generalize existing reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architectures and provide additional design flexibility via interactions between RIS elements, beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has attracted…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-20 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

This paper investigates the limits to which a passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reshape a point-to-point Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in terms of singular values and their functions (e.g., achievable rate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yang Zhao , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx , Massimo Franceschetti

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is a promising technology for further improving spectral efficiency (SE) with low cost and power consumption. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yizhuo Li , Jiakang Zheng , Bokai Xu , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Bo Ai

This paper introduces a novel approach to efficient localization in next-generation communication systems through a base station (BS)-enabled passive beamforming utilizing beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Mahmoud Raeisi , Hui Chen , Henk Wymeersch , Ertugrul Basar

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been recognized as a promising technology for next-generation wireless communications. However, the performance of RIS-assisted systems critically depends on accurate channel state information…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-08 Yang Wang , Yin Xu , Cixiao Zhang , Zhiyong Chen , Mingzeng Dai , Haiming Wang , Bingchao Liu , Dazhi He , Meixia Tao

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) improves the traditional reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architecture functionality by interconnecting elements for advanced wave control. However, real-world…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Jose Carlos da Silva Filho , Josué V. de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed to generalize conventional RIS. BD-RIS has a scattering matrix that is not restricted to being diagonal and thus brings a performance improvement over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Beyond diagonal intelligent reflecting surface (BD-IRS) is a new promising IRS architecture for which the reflection matrix is not limited to the diagonal structure as for conventional IRS. In this paper, we study a BD-IRS aided uplink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

Double-reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technique, achieving a substantial gain improvement compared to single-RIS techniques. However, in double-RIS-aided systems, accurate channel estimation is more challenging than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Songjie Yang , Wanting Lyu , Yue Xiu , Zhongpei Zhang , Chau Yuen