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Simulating the dynamical properties of large-scale many-fermion systems is a longstanding goal of quantum chemistry, material science and condensed matter. Local fermion-to-qubit encodings have opened a new path for practical fermionic…

Achieving an accurate description of fermionic systems typically requires considerably many more orbitals than fermions. Previous resource analyses of quantum chemistry simulation often failed to exploit this low fermionic number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-24 Sam McArdle , Earl Campbell , Yuan Su

We present a method for encoding second-quantized fermionic systems in qubits when the number of fermions is conserved, as in the electronic structure problem. When the number $F$ of fermions is much smaller than the number $M$ of modes,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-09 William Kirby , Bryce Fuller , Charles Hadfield , Antonio Mezzacapo

The simulation of strongly correlated fermionic systems remains one of the most significant challenges in computational physics due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space and the fermionic sign problem. In this work, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Hugo Catala , Ezequiel Valero , German Rodrigo

The most scalable proposed methods of simulating lattice fermions on noisy quantum computers employ encodings that eliminate nonlocal operators using a constant factor more qubits and a nontrivial stabilizer group. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Riley W. Chien , Kanav Setia , Xavier Bonet-Monroig , Mark Steudtner , James D. Whitfield

Bosonic quantum computing, based on the infinite-dimensional qumodes, has shown promise for various practical applications that are classically hard. However, the lack of compiler optimizations has hindered its full potential. This paper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-06 Junyu Zhou , Yuhao Liu , Yunong Shi , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Gushu Li

The mapping of fermionic states onto qubit states, as well as the mapping of fermionic Hamiltonian into quantum gates enables us to simulate electronic systems with a quantum computer. Benefiting the understanding of many-body systems in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Mark Steudtner , Stephanie Wehner

Simulating molecular systems on quantum computers requires efficient mappings from Fermionic operators to qubit operators. Traditional mappings such as Jordan-Wigner or Bravyi-Kitaev often produce high-weight Pauli terms, increasing circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 James Brown , Tarini S Hardikar , Kenny Heitritter , Kanav Setia

Compact representations of fermionic Hamiltonians are necessary to perform calculations on quantum computers that lack error-correction. A fermionic system is typically defined within a subspace of fixed particle number and spin while…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Diana Chamaki , Mekena Metcalf , Wibe A. de Jong

We present a general strategy for mapping fermionic systems to quantum hardware with square qubit connectivity which yields low-depth quantum circuits, counted in the number of native two-qubit fSIM gates. We achieve this by leveraging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Manuel G. Algaba , P. V. Sriluckshmy , Martin Leib , Fedor Šimkovic

In this paper, we present a new set of local fermion-to-qudit mappings for simulating fermionic lattice systems. We focus on the use of multi-level qudits, specifically ququarts. Traditional mappings, such as the Jordan-Wigner…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-24 Rodolfo Carobene , Stefano Barison , Andrea Giachero , Jannes Nys

Despite using a novel model of computation, quantum computers break down programs into elementary gates. Among such gates, entangling gates are the most expensive. In the context of fermionic simulations, we develop a suite of compilation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-08 Qingfeng Wang , Ze-Pei Cian , Ming Li , Igor L. Markov , Yunseong Nam

Simulation of fermionic many-body systems on a quantum computer requires a suitable encoding of fermionic degrees of freedom into qubits. Here we revisit the Superfast Encoding introduced by Kitaev and one of the authors. This encoding maps…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Kanav Setia , Sergey Bravyi , Antonio Mezzacapo , James D. Whitfield

Designing a qubit architecture is one of the most critical challenges in achieving scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computing as the performance of a quantum computer is heavily dependent on the coherence times, connectivity and low…

Solving the electronic structure problem via unitary evolution of the electronic Hamiltonian is one of the promising applications of digital quantum computers. One of the practical strategies to implement the unitary evolution is via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Luis A. Martínez-Martínez , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

Quantum computers hold great promise for efficiently simulating Fermionic systems, benefiting fields like quantum chemistry and materials science. To achieve this, algorithms typically begin by choosing a Fermion-to-qubit mapping to encode…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Aaron Miller , Adam Glos , Zoltán Zimborás

We introduce a fermion-to-qubit mapping defined on ternary trees, where any single Majorana operator on an $n$-mode fermionic system is mapped to a multi-qubit Pauli operator acting nontrivially on $\lceil \log_3(2n+1)\rceil$ qubits. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Zhang Jiang , Amir Kalev , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Hartmut Neven

In digital quantum simulation of fermionic models with qubits, non-local maps for encoding are often encountered. Such maps require linear or logarithmic overhead in circuit depth which could render the simulation useless, for a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-28 Guanyu Zhu , Yigit Subasi , James D. Whitfield , Mohammad Hafezi

Quantum computers can be used to address molecular structure, materials science and condensed matter physics problems, which currently stretch the limits of existing high-performance computing resources. Finding exact numerical solutions to…

In order to simulate a system of fermions on a quantum computer, it is necessary to represent the fermionic states and operators on qubits. This can be accomplished in multiple ways, including the well-known Jordan-Wigner transform, as well…