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Integrating human expertise into machine learning systems often reduces the role of experts to labeling oracles, a paradigm that limits the amount of information exchanged and fails to capture the nuances of human judgment. We address this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Belén Martín-Urcelay , Yoonsang Lee , Matthieu R. Bloch , Christopher J. Rozell

The field of information retrieval often works with limited and noisy data in an attempt to classify documents into subjective categories, e.g., relevance, sentiment and controversy. We typically quantify a notion of agreement to understand…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-06-14 John Foley

Sentiment analysis and emotion detection are important research topics in natural language processing (NLP) and benefit many downstream tasks. With the widespread application of LLMs, researchers have started exploring the application of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Zhiwei Liu , Kailai Yang , Tianlin Zhang , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou

Storytelling is an integral part of human experience and plays a crucial role in social interactions. Thus, Automatic Story Evaluation (ASE) and Generation (ASG) could benefit society in multiple ways, but they are challenging tasks which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Cyril Chhun , Fabian M. Suchanek , Chloé Clavel

Annotating data via crowdsourcing is time-consuming and expensive. Due to these costs, dataset creators often have each annotator label only a small subset of the data. This leads to sparse datasets with examples that are marked by few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 London Lowmanstone , Ruyuan Wan , Risako Owan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A strategy to improve label quality is to ask multiple annotators to label the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Alexander Braylan , Madalyn Marabella , Omar Alonso , Matthew Lease

Emotion Classification based on text is a task with many applications which has received growing interest in recent years. This paper presents a preliminary study with the goal to help researchers and practitioners gain insight into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Anna Koufakou , Jairo Garciga , Adam Paul , Joseph Morelli , Christopher Frank

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to annotate learning interactions, yet concerns about reliability limit their utility. We test whether verification-oriented orchestration-prompting models to check their own labels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Jinsook Lee , Zhuqian Zhou , Doug Pietrzak , Rene F. Kizilcec

Evaluating the quality of arguments is a crucial aspect of any system leveraging argument mining. However, it is a challenge to obtain reliable and consistent annotations regarding argument quality, as this usually requires domain-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Nailia Mirzakhmedova , Marcel Gohsen , Chia Hao Chang , Benno Stein

Human annotators frequently disagree on emotion labels, yet most evaluations of Large Language Model (LLM) emotion annotation collapse these judgments into a single gold standard, discarding the distributional information that disagreement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Keito Inoshita , Xiaokang Zhou , Akira Kawai , Katsutoshi Yada

Neural natural language generation (NLG) and understanding (NLU) models are data-hungry and require massive amounts of annotated data to be competitive. Recent frameworks address this bottleneck with generative models that synthesize weak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Ernie Chang , Vera Demberg , Alex Marin

Sentiment analysis is an important tool for aggregating patient voices, in order to provide targeted improvements in healthcare services. A prerequisite for this is the availability of in-domain data annotated for sentiment. This article…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Petter Mæhlum , David Samuel , Rebecka Maria Norman , Elma Jelin , Øyvind Andresen Bjertnæs , Lilja Øvrelid , Erik Velldal

The widespread adoption of automatic sentiment and emotion classifiers makes it important to ensure that these tools perform reliably across different populations. Yet their reliability is typically assessed using benchmarks that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ivan Smirnov , Segun T. Aroyehun , Paul Plener , David Garcia

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

Recent research in the field of computer vision strongly focuses on deep learning architectures to tackle image processing problems. Deep neural networks are often considered in complex image processing scenarios since traditional computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marcel P. Schilling , Luca Rettenberger , Friedrich Münke , Haijun Cui , Anna A. Popova , Pavel A. Levkin , Ralf Mikut , Markus Reischl

Imperfections in data annotation, known as label noise, are detrimental to the training of machine learning models and have an often-overlooked confounding effect on the assessment of model performance. Nevertheless, employing experts to…

Speech emotion recognition is an important component of any human centered system. But speech characteristics produced and perceived by a person can be influenced by a multitude of reasons, both desirable such as emotion, and undesirable…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Mimansa Jaiswal , Emily Mower Provost

Standard evaluation in NLP typically indicates that system A is better on average than system B, but it provides little info on how to improve performance and, what is worse, it should not come as a surprise if B ends up being better than A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Elena Alvarez-Mellado , Julio Gonzalo

When creating text classification systems, one of the major bottlenecks is the annotation of training data. Active learning has been proposed to address this bottleneck using stopping methods to minimize the cost of data annotation. An…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Thomas Orth , Michael Bloodgood

Speech emotion recognition (SER) models typically rely on costly human-labeled data for training, making scaling methods to large speech datasets and nuanced emotion taxonomies difficult. We present LanSER, a method that enables the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Taesik Gong , Josh Belanich , Krishna Somandepalli , Arsha Nagrani , Brian Eoff , Brendan Jou