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Modern software projects depend on third-party dependencies, whose declarations must be maintained as projects evolve. Prior work has focused on dependency version updates, while much less is known about how developers assign dependencies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yuxin Liu , Cristian Bogdan , Benoit Baudry

Prompt tuning, in which a base pretrained model is adapted to each task via conditioning on learned prompt vectors, has emerged as a promising approach for efficiently adapting large language models to multiple downstream tasks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhen Wang , Rameswar Panda , Leonid Karlinsky , Rogerio Feris , Huan Sun , Yoon Kim

Software updates are essential to enhance security, fix bugs, and add better features to the existing software. While some users accept software updates, non-compliance remains a widespread issue. While some users accept software updates,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Mahzabin Tamanna , Mohd Anwar , Joseph D. W. Stephens

Truck Factor (TF) is a metric proposed by the agile community as a tool to identify concentration of knowledge in software development environments. It states the minimal number of developers that have to be hit by a truck (or quit) before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Guilherme Avelino , Leonardo Passos , Andre Hora , Marco Tulio Valente

Dependent types help programmers write highly reliable code. However, this reliability comes at a cost: it can be challenging to write new prototypes in (or migrate old code to) dependently-typed programming languages. Gradual typing makes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Joseph Eremondi , Éric Tanter , Ronald Garcia

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP tasks, they still need external tools to extend their ability. Current research on tool learning with LLMs often assumes mandatory tool use, which does not always align with real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kangyun Ning , Yisong Su , Xueqiang Lv , Yuanzhe Zhang , Jian Liu , Kang Liu , Jinan Xu

We study the evolution and impact of bloated dependencies in a single software ecosystem: Java/Maven. Bloated dependencies are third-party libraries that are packaged in the application binary but are not needed to run the application. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-01 César Soto-Valero , Thomas Durieux , Benoit Baudry

The dependency pair (DP) framework is one of the most powerful techniques for automatic termination and complexity analysis of term rewrite systems. While DPs were extended to prove almost-sure termination of probabilistic term rewrite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jan-Christoph Kassing , Leon Spitzer , Jürgen Giesl

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become a common method for fine-tuning large language models, where a base model can serve multiple users through PEFT module switching. To enhance user experience, base models require periodic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Naibin Gu , Peng Fu , Xiyu Liu , Ke Ma , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang

The development and deployment of machine learning (ML) systems can be executed easily with modern tools, but the process is typically rushed and means-to-an-end. The lack of diligence can lead to technical debt, scope creep and misaligned…

The NPM ecosystem has become a primary target for software supply chain attacks, yet existing detection tools are evaluated in isolation on incompatible datasets, making cross-tool comparison unreliable. We conduct a benchmark-driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenbo Guo , Zhongwen Chen , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Shiwen Song , Chengyue Liu , Yijia Xu , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu

Linux users expect fresh packages in the official repositories of their distributions. Yet, due to philosophical divergences, the packages available in various distributions do not all have the same degree of freshness. Users therefore need…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Damien Legay , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

Technical debt (TD) refers to delayed tasks and immature artifacts that may bring short-term benefits but incur extra costs of change during maintenance and evolution in the long term. TD has been extensively studied in the past decade, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zengyang Li , Yilin Peng , Peng Liang , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Ran Mo , Hui Liu , Xiaoxiao Qi

Automating C-to-Rust migration is critical for improving software security without sacrificing performance. Traditional rule-based methods struggle with diverse C idioms, often producing rigid and unidiomatic Rust code. Large Language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Jia Feng , Wenjie Gan , Cuiyun Gao , Chaozheng Wang , Feng Luo , Xin Xia , Ge Li , Kui Liu

Third-party library dependencies are commonplace in today's software development. With the growing threat of security vulnerabilities, applying security fixes in a timely manner is important to protect software systems. As such, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Ayano Ikegami , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Bodin Chinthanet , Vittunyuta Maeprasart , Ali Ouni , Takashi Ishio , Kenichi Matsumoto

Function calling agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) select external tools to automate complex tasks. On-device agents typically use a retrieval module to select relevant tools, improving performance and reducing context length.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Bhrij Patel , Davide Belli , Amir Jalalirad , Maximilian Arnold , Aleksandr Ermolov , Bence Major

Changes, they use to say, are the only constant in life. Everything changes rapidly around us, and more and more key to survival is the ability to rapidly adapt to changes. This consideration applies to many aspects of our lives. Strangely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-04-16 Vincenzo De Florio , Chris Blondia

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) integrated with external tools and APIs have successfully addressed complex tasks by using in-context learning or fine-tuning. Despite this progress, the vast scale of tool retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yuxiang Zhang , Xin Fan , Junjie Wang , Chongxian Chen , Fan Mo , Tetsuya Sakai , Hayato Yamana

Technical debt refers to taking shortcuts to achieve short-term goals, which might negatively influence software maintenance in the long-term. There is increasing attention on technical debt that is admitted by developers in source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is reshaping software development as developers integrate these LLMs into their applications. In such applications, prompts serve as the primary means of interacting with LLMs. Despite the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Mahan Tafreshipour , Aaron Imani , Eric Huang , Eduardo Almeida , Thomas Zimmermann , Iftekhar Ahmed