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Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a revolution in AI. However, they also pose many significant risks, such as the presence of biased, private, copyrighted or harmful text. For this reason we need open, transparent and safe solutions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Arno Candel , Jon McKinney , Philipp Singer , Pascal Pfeiffer , Maximilian Jeblick , Chun Ming Lee , Marcos V. Conde

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence. However, training these models from scratch requires substantial computational resources and vast amounts of text data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Wenzhen Zheng , Wenbo Pan , Xu Xu , Libo Qin , Li Yue , Ming Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, yet the majority of high-performing models remain closed-source or partially open, limiting transparency and reproducibility. In this work,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming AI across industries, but their development and deployment remain complex. This survey reviews 16 key challenges in building and using LLMs and examines how these challenges are addressed by two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Shubham Sharma , Sneha Tuli , Narendra Badam

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular Large Language Models (LLMs), have exploded in popularity and attention since the release to the public of ChatGPT's Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-3.5 model in November…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Daniel Hopp

Since the release of ChatGPT in November 2022, large language models (LLMs) have seen considerable success, including in the open-source community, with many open-weight models available. However, the requirements to deploy such a service…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yannis Bendi-Ouis , Dan Dutartre , Xavier Hinaut

Despite the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution, deep learning has yet to achieve much success with tabular data due to heterogeneous feature space and limited sample sizes without viable transfer learning. The new era of generative AI,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Shourav B. Rabbani , Ibna Kowsar , Manar D. Samad

Large language models (LLMs) have showcased profound capabilities in language understanding and generation, facilitating a wide array of applications. However, there is a notable paucity of detailed, open-sourced methodologies on…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a focal point of research and application, driven by their unprecedented ability to understand and generate text with human-like quality. Even more recently, LLMs have been extended into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Kilian Carolan , Laura Fennelly , Alan F. Smeaton

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across many NLP tasks, their opaque internal mechanisms hinder trustworthiness and safe deployment. Existing surveys in explainable AI largely focus on post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yutong Gao , Qinglin Meng , Yuan Zhou , Liangming Pan

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam

Building effective machine learning (ML) workflows to address complex tasks is a primary focus of the Automatic ML (AutoML) community and a critical step toward achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI). Recently, the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Yang Gu , Hengyu You , Jian Cao , Muran Yu , Haoran Fan , Shiyou Qian

The exponential growth of large language models (LLMs) has opened up numerous possibilities for multimodal AGI systems. However, the progress in vision and vision-language foundation models, which are also critical elements of multi-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Zhe Chen , Jiannan Wu , Wenhai Wang , Weijie Su , Guo Chen , Sen Xing , Muyan Zhong , Qinglong Zhang , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Bin Li , Ping Luo , Tong Lu , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering. However, most…

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), there is a pressing need for a comprehensive evaluation suite to assess their capabilities and limitations. Existing LLM leaderboards often reference scores reported in other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Shen Zheng , Yuyu Zhang , Yijie Zhu , Chenguang Xi , Pengyang Gao , Xun Zhou , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various sectors by automating routine tasks, marking a step toward the realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). However, they still struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Zihao Tang , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

As generative artificial intelligence advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) are being explored for automated graphical user interface (GUI) design. This study investigates the usability and adaptability of LLM-generated interfaces by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Bartosz Sawicki , Tomasz Les , Dariusz Parzych , Aleksandra Wycisk-Ficek , Pawel Trebacz , Pawel Zawadzki

The proliferation of Large Language Models like ChatGPT has significantly advanced language understanding and generation, impacting a broad spectrum of applications. However, these models predominantly excel in text-based tasks, overlooking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Xiao Liu , Jianfeng Lin , Jiawei Zhang

Despite the advancements of open-source large language models (LLMs), e.g., LLaMA, they remain significantly limited in tool-use capabilities, i.e., using external tools (APIs) to fulfill human instructions. The reason is that current…

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), in both the open source and proprietary domains, attention is turning to how to exploit such artificial intelligence (AI) systems in assisting complex scientific tasks, such as material…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Yongtao Liu , Marti Checa , Rama K. Vasudevan