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Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, such as backdoor attacks in which a malicious adversary compromises a model during training such that specific behaviour can be triggered at test time by attaching a specific word…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-21 You Guo , Jun Wang , Trevor Cohn

It has been shown that natural language processing (NLP) models are vulnerable to a kind of security threat called the Backdoor Attack, which utilizes a `backdoor trigger' paradigm to mislead the models. The most threatening backdoor attack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Lingfeng Shen , Haiyun Jiang , Lemao Liu , Shuming Shi

As machine learning (ML) systems are being increasingly employed in the real world to handle sensitive tasks and make decisions in various fields, the security and privacy of those models have also become increasingly critical. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Marwan Omar

In this paper, we present a new form of backdoor attack against Large Language Models (LLMs): lingual-backdoor attacks. The key novelty of lingual-backdoor attacks is that the language itself serves as the trigger to hijack the infected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Zihan Wang , Hongwei Li , Rui Zhang , Wenbo Jiang , Kangjie Chen , Tianwei Zhang , Qingchuan Zhao , Guowen Xu

A backdoor attack in deep learning inserts a hidden backdoor in the model to trigger malicious behavior upon specific input patterns. Existing detection approaches assume a metric space (for either the original inputs or their latent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xiaoxing Mo , Yechao Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Wei Luo , Nan Sun , Shengshan Hu , Shang Gao , Yang Xiang

Supervised fine-tuning has become the predominant method for adapting large pretrained models to downstream tasks. However, recent studies have revealed that these models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where even a small number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Peihai Jiang , Xixiang Lyu , Yige Li , Jing Ma

Natural language processing (NLP) models may leak private information in different ways, including membership inference, reconstruction or attribute inference attacks. Sensitive information may not be explicit in the text, but hidden in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Pedro Faustini , Shakila Mahjabin Tonni , Annabelle McIver , Qiongkai Xu , Mark Dras

Stance detection is important for understanding different attitudes and beliefs on the Internet. However, given that a passage's stance toward a given topic is often highly dependent on that topic, building a stance detection model that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Hans W. A. Hanley , Zakir Durumeric

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to Large Language Models (LLMs), where adversaries can embed hidden triggers to manipulate LLM's outputs. Most existing defense methods, primarily designed for classification tasks, are ineffective…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihan Wang , Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Wenshu Fan , Wenbo Jiang , Qingchuan Zhao , Guowen Xu

At present, backdoor attacks attract attention as they do great harm to deep learning models. The adversary poisons the training data making the model being injected with a backdoor after being trained unconsciously by victims using the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Shengfang Zhai , Qingni Shen , Xiaoyi Chen , Weilong Wang , Cong Li , Yuejian Fang , Zhonghai Wu

Vision-language pretrained models (VLPs) such as CLIP have achieved remarkable success, but are also highly vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Given a model fine-tuned by an untrusted third party, determining whether the model has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhongqi Wang , Jie Zhang , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Backdoor attacks (BA) are an emerging threat to deep neural network classifiers. A classifier being attacked will predict to the attacker's target class when a test sample from a source class is embedded with the backdoor pattern (BP).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Zhen Xiang , David J. Miller , Siheng Chen , Xi Li , George Kesidis

Natural language processing (NLP) models are known to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which poses a newly arisen threat to NLP models. Prior online backdoor defense methods for NLP models only focus on the anomalies at either the input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Sishuo Chen , Wenkai Yang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xiaohan Bi , Xu Sun

Textual backdoor attacks present a substantial security risk to Large Language Models (LLM). It embeds carefully chosen triggers into a victim model at the training stage, and makes the model erroneously predict inputs containing the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Xinglin Li , Xianwen He , Yao Li , Minhao Cheng

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown unprecedented success in object detection tasks. However, it was also discovered that DNNs are vulnerable to multiple kinds of attacks, including Backdoor Attacks. Through the attack, the attacker…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yize Cheng , Wenbin Hu , Minhao Cheng

Recently, it has been shown that deep learning models are vulnerable to Trojan attacks, where an attacker can install a backdoor during training time to make the resultant model misidentify samples contaminated with a small trigger patch.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Haripriya Harikumar , Vuong Le , Santu Rana , Sourangshu Bhattacharya , Sunil Gupta , Svetha Venkatesh

Anomaly detection (AD) is an important machine learning task with applications in fraud detection, content moderation, and user behavior analysis. However, AD is relatively understudied in a natural language processing (NLP) context,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yuangang Li , Jiaqi Li , Zhuo Xiao , Tiankai Yang , Yi Nian , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Backdoor attacks have become a major security threat for deploying machine learning models in security-critical applications. Existing research endeavors have proposed many defenses against backdoor attacks. Despite demonstrating certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hengzhi Pei , Jinyuan Jia , Wenbo Guo , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained increasing attention for their superior energy efficiency compared to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, their security aspects, particularly under backdoor attacks, have received limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Jiachen Li , Bang Wu , Xiaoyu Xia , Xiaoning Liu , Xun Yi , Xiuzhen Zhang

Prompt-based learning is vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor attacks against prompt-based models consider injecting backdoors into the entire embedding layers or word embedding vectors. Such attacks can be easily affected by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Kai Mei , Zheng Li , Zhenting Wang , Yang Zhang , Shiqing Ma